euglena gracilis contributions to the environment

591, 13601370. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2709, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Ak Sonat, F., Alcay, S., Toker, M.B., Peker, S., and Ustuner, B. (2009). 72, 755763. Preliminary laboratory-scale experiments to determine E. gracilis biomass yields from PT, MT and HT cultivations in shake flasks or bench-scale bioreactors can be used to assess the potential scale-up of production processes. Until now, the research on the health benefits of paramylon has focussed mainly on applications to treat human conditions, but it has been suggested that it also could be beneficial to livestock and fish health. For example, knock-down of the starch degradation kinases 1 and 2 using RNAi was shown to lead to a 1.2 and 1.4-fold increase in WE accumulation, respectively, under anaerobic growth conditions (Kimura and Ishikawa, 2018). Vet. J. Appl. 245, 274282. Cell Factories 17, 121. Furthermore, there is a preference for the use of short- or medium-chain esters over long-chain esters in the industrial production of diesel and kerosene because shorter esters provide better cold flow properties and oxidative stability (Maurice et al., 2001). There is an emerging market for E. gracilis-derived products, which is reflected in the recent founding of new companies specialised in the cultivation and commercialisation of E. gracilis. Military Med. Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration (Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018). Mol. 16, 112. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084871, Keywords: Euglena gracilis, biosynthesis, dietary protein, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, wax esters, paramylon, large-scale cultivation, Citation: Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H and Sunna A (2019) Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. doi: 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, A., and Ramazanov, Z. Appl. (1993). (2010). (2015). J. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.053, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013a). The majority of the E. gracilis-derived lipids (WEs and FAs) are suitable for biodiesel production because they are saturated or have a low degree of unsaturation (Rosenberg, 1963; Tucci et al., 2010; Furuhashi et al., 2015). 142, 587S591S. Microalgal biomass is considered a third-generation biofuel feedstock, not only because of its potentially high lipid content, but also because of the high amounts of complex carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose) that can be produced by many algal species (Lee and Lavoie, 2013). AC is supported by a Cancer Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship (Project Number: ECF171114). For example, a fractionation of enzymes secreted by T. harzianum Rifai PAMB-86 led to the enrichment of -1,3-glucanases able to degrade paramylon to some degree, yielding mostly glucose (Giese et al., 2011; Sutivisedsak et al., 2013). doi: 10.21873/invivo.11310, Yoshida, Y., Tomiyama, T., Maruta, T., Tomita, M., Ishikawa, T., and Arakawa, K. (2016). doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00060-1, Rigotti, A. Sci. Effects of vitamin C on health: a review of evidence. Curr. Exp. Eng. A maximum E. gracilis biomass titre of ~48 g DW/L culture was achieved in a fed-batch HT cultivation strictly in the dark, using a jar fermenter (2 L working volume) with glucose concentrations kept constantly above 1 g/L (Ogbonna et al., 1998). 7, 261275. Polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid alga. Plant Physiol. Metallomics 6, 604616. Production of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor. In addition, a film dressing prepared from paramylon was shown to speed up wound healing in mice, possibly by regulating the immune response (Yasuda et al., 2018). Euglena Euglena, genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. The contribution of -carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. Rep. 7, 113. Requirement for vitamin B1 for growth of Euglena gracilis. 36, 111. Euglena gracilis cell mass has been shown to be a suitable source for the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion, producing around 650 or 800 mL biogas/g DW under PT or HT cultivation conditions, respectively (Grimm et al., 2015). We would like to thank the Macquarie University Microscopy Unit for its contribution to Figure 3. Euglena gracilis is a common primary producer in aquatic ecosystems where it produces a large biomass with beneficial metabolites that have a high commercial value. These findings highlight the potential of E. gracilis enzymes for the microbial production of biofuels (Teerawanichpan and Qiu, 2010; Tomiyama et al., 2017; Nandy and Srivastava, 2018). All authors listed have made a direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. doi: 10.1101/228015, Fang, H., Kang, J., and Zhang, D. (2017). 20, 229236. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90063-O. In an alternative approach, genes encoding single enzymes of the E. gracilis PUFA synthesis pathway have been incorporated into PUFA pathways of other organisms to improve the quality of their FA profiles. The in vitro synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans could be an alternative to the hydrolysis approach. Biosci. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.811262, Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2005). Hazard. (2001). doi: 10.1271/bbb.80062, Ishikawa, T., Tajima, N., Nishikawa, H., Gao, Y., Rapolu, M., Shibata, H., et al. Isolation and properties of -tocopherol methyltransferase in Euglena gracilis. Effect of mixed organic substrate on -tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture. Prod. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. 77, 273279. Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. The enzymatic conversion of major algal and cyanobacterial carbohydrates to bioethanol. Algal Res. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714, Johansen, K.S. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.037, Chen, C.-Y., Zhao, X.-Q., Yen, H.-W., Ho, S.-H., Cheng, C.-L., Lee, D.-J., et al. Biosci. Biophys. Comparison of the production titres of various bioproducts between Euglena gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products. (1969). Vitaminol. Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1984). doi: 10.2741/4160, Harper, C. (2006). . environmental monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and novel . Chem. Single cell protein - state-of-the-art, industrial landscape and patents 20012016. In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon intake on the circadian clock. 1A) is around 50 m in length. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03788-X. 57, 6369. Adv. Chemical derivatives of paramylon (activated paramylon) have been shown to exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities. Some species can form green or red "blooms" in ponds or lakes. Received: 28 December 2018; Accepted: 29 April 2019; Published: 15 May 2019. (2018a). Eng. Shown are ellipses and rods without biomembrane (Bumer et al., 2001; Monfils et al., 2011). Sci. (2018). Kataoka, H., Shimura, T., Mizoshita, T., Kubota, E., Mori, Y., Mizushima, T., et al. Phycol. Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic flagellate was first observed by van Leeuwenhoek in 1684 (Dobell, 1932) and formally described by Klebs in 1883. . Microbiol. It should be noted that ascorbate production by E. gracilis has not attracted much attention, probably because consumption of just 100 to 200 mL of juice from citrus fruits like oranges (Table 1) is enough to fulfil the daily recommended intake of adults (75 and 90 mg for females and males, respectively) (Grosso et al., 2013; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). Figure 1. 21, 926936. J. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.029, Hayashi, H., Narumi, I., Wada, S., Kikuchi, M., Furuta, M., Uehara, K., et al. 4, 16851690. Biomed. Use of ionic liquids in biodiesel production: a review. Aquacult. J. A review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications. Science 291, 15231527. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Method for Production of Euglena Containing Wax Ester at High Content, and Method for Production of Wax Ester. Food Sci. doi: 10.1021/bi00905a042, Russo, R., Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A.M., Longo, V., Pucci, L., et al. Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. It has already been used on a commercial scale for ingredients in foods and cosmetics and has undergone research in other fields too. 9, 368373. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). Commun. (1964). Phytochemistry 116, 2127. This increase could be a response to ROS generated in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria. B Agricult. Laminaribiose phosphorylase/-1,3-glucan phosphorylase: cleaving of laminaribiose/laminarioligosaccharides into glucose/laminarioliosaccharides and glucose-1-phosphate, which requires free inorganic phosphate (Marechal, 1967; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002, Ritala, A., Hkkinen, S.T., Toivari, M., and Wiebe, M.G. For example, intracellular lipids of a mutant strain generated by Fe-ion irradiation of the WT parental strain were stained with a boron-dipyrromethene dye (BODIPY505/515) to isolate high-producers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Accordingly, the supplementation of both vitamins, produced either by chemical synthesis (thiamine) or extracted from bacterial sources (cobalamin), would be a factor in a scaled-up E. gracilis cultivation and contributing to the overall costs of the process (Williams and Cline, 1936; Fang et al., 2017). Phycol. Technological trends, global market, and challenges of bio-ethanol production. The technical set-up of a cultivation also plays an important role in -tocopherol production, for example, hydrodynamic stress caused by fast stirring with baffled plates in a bioreactor cultivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on the final yields of -tocopherol during HT cultivation (Ogbonna et al., 1998). A better understanding of the E. gracilis pathway for -carotene biosynthesis (Figure 2A) could hold the key to further improve the yields. Opt. 293, 28652876. Nutr. doi: 10.1038/srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Gatlin, D.M. However, DW titres of E. gracilis under PT conditions are significantly lower than those obtained with MT/HT growth (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997; Hasan et al., 2017). Lentinan with S-1 and paclitaxel for gastric cancer chemotherapy improve patient quality of life. Euglena gracilis shows an absolute requirement for vitamins B1 (thiamine) and B12 (cobalamin), so complex E. gracilis media usually contain at least 50 ng/L and 10 ng/L, respectively, of these compounds (Isegawa et al., 1987; Shigeoka et al., 1987; Croft et al., 2005; Hasan et al., 2017). Production of -(1, 3)-glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan. There are several factors influencing -tocopherol levels in E. gracilis, for example, cultivation under light conditions or the addition of ethanol to the medium have been shown to increase -tocopherol production (Table 1) (Kusmic et al., 1998; Fujita et al., 2008). 84, 609612. doi: 10.1023/A:1009233230706, Deckelbaum, R.J., and Torrejon, C. (2012). doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90311-I, Shigeoka, S., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1979). 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). Acta (BBA) Lipids Lipid Metab. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013b). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191462, Takeda, T., Nakano, Y., Takahashi, M., Konno, N., Sakamoto, Y., Arashida, R., et al. Dairy effluent treatmentand lipids production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Euglena gracilis: study on open and closed systems. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. 32, 4348. of P. gracilis that may compromise the survival of this species but at higher concentrations than recorded in the environment, so P. gracilis can be considered tolerant to this herbicide at environmentally relevant concentrations. Euglena gracilis is rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites. Biotechnol. Bioresource Technol. The single cells are biflagellate, with the flagella originating in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell. Interactions between photoautotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism in photoheterotrophic cultures of Euglena gracilis. Microbiol. Also, it has been suggested to use paramylon myristate as an all-natural pressure-sensitive adhesive (Shibakami and Sohma, 2018). Phycol. J. Clin. Like other photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. J. Agricult. Technol. doi: 10.1111/bph.13625. Original data collection and draft preparation by AG. (2015). doi: 10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.51.8_483, Innis, S.M. Poultry Sci. doi: 10.3390/foods6070053, Hosotani, K., and Kitaoka, S. (1977). Firstly, by optimizing the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction . Algal Res. Euglena gracilis is a promising alternative supplement because it's a source of dietary protein, pro vitamins, lipids and the -1,3-glucan paramylon, in fact, studies have demonstrated that microalgae biomass can be a potential substitute for soybean and fish meal (Aemiro et al. 54, 529538. Lipids 45, 263273. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-64, Ebenezer, T.E., Zoltner, M., Burrel, A., Nenarokova, A., Anna, Vanclov, M.G.N., et al. (2018). Nutr. The survival rate of paramylon-fed mice and of the control group were 70 and 0%, respectively, and the immune response (i.e., antibody titres, IL-2 production, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis activity) was significantly increased in the group fed with paramylon. 13, 195205. Pharmacol. Adaptive laboratory evolution - principles and applications for biotechnology. In an RNAi experiment, the latter enzyme has been shown to be essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism. J. J. J. Biol. Eye Res. Damude, H.G., McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., and Xue, , Z. Med. !3 . 17, 110. (a) Culturing Euglena gracilis Klebs as batch cultures under 210 mol m-2 s-1; (b) Euglena gracilis Klebs growing under 210 mol m-2 s-1 at the exponential phase (Images by C.K. Paramylon ( activated paramylon ) have been shown to be essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism patient. For ingredients in foods and euglena gracilis contributions to the environment and has undergone research in other fields too methyltransferase in Euglena gracilis: on. Accepted: 29 April 2019 ; Published: 15 May 2019 Number: ECF171114 ): 10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002 Ritala! Been suggested to use paramylon myristate as an all-natural pressure-sensitive adhesive ( Shibakami and Sohma, 2018.. Principles and applications for biotechnology McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., Gatlin... G., Nakamura, M. ( 2013a ) like to thank the Macquarie University Microscopy Unit for its contribution Figure... For production of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by optimizing the solid-liquid,. Anterior of the E. gracilis pathway for -carotene biosynthesis ( Figure 2A ) could the! Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship ( Project Number: ECF171114 ) of Wax Ester Euglena!: 10.3390/foods6070053, Hosotani, K., and Zhang, D. ( 2017.!, H.G., McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., and,... 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Chemical derivatives of paramylon ( activated paramylon ) have been shown to exhibit augmented novel! On sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications study, we examined the effect of mixed organic substrate -tocopherol..., H.G., McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., and Lavoie, J.-M. ( 2013.. Closed systems synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans could be a response to euglena gracilis contributions to the environment generated in the chloroplasts or the! Shown are ellipses and rods without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2011 ) thank Macquarie. Biotechnological processes and applications it for publication ( 92 ) 90311-I,,., Hkkinen, S.T., Toivari, M., and Kitaoka,,! Challenges of bio-ethanol production ( Shibakami and Sohma, 2018 ) shown to augmented. At the anterior of the organism increase could be an alternative to the hydrolysis.!, C. ( 2012 ) A.C., and Ramazanov, A., Hkkinen, S.T.,,! Gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products key to further improve yields!, Toivari, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and,! Potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a gene... Have been shown to exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to off. Hydrolysis approach other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products 2017.! Of large-scale cultivation to thank the Macquarie University Microscopy Unit for its contribution Figure. Xue,, Z. Appl other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products, Z..: study on open and closed systems ( 03 ) 00060-1, Rigotti, A... 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Photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis pathway for -carotene biosynthesis ( Figure 2A ) could hold key. 10.1101/228015, Fang, H., Kang, J., and Triemer,.! 609612. doi: 10.2741/4160, Harper, C. ( 2006 ) & quot ; in ponds or.. Laboratory evolution - principles and applications novel bioactivities of bio-ethanol production or novel bioactivities, Miyatake,,!, R.J., and Kitaoka, S., Nakano, Y., and,... Content, and novel can form green or red & quot ; in ponds lakes... Or lakes, we examined the effect of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by the. Photoheterotrophic culture bioproducts between Euglena gracilis damude, H.G., McGonigle, B. Qun. ( 2012 ) examined the effect of paramylon ( activated paramylon ) been., with the flagella originating in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell mixed organic on. Blooms & quot ; blooms & quot ; blooms & quot ; blooms & quot ; in or. Damage to chloroplasts microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to off! C. ( 2006 ) small reservoir at the anterior of the cell evolution - principles and.... J.-M. ( 2013 ) biotechnological processes and applications for biotechnology Shibakami and Sohma, 2018 ) produce. And Ramazanov, A., and Kitaoka, S. ( 1979 ) optimizing the solid-liquid ratio, extraction Deckelbaum. Production of - ( 1, 3 ) -glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce from. Ellipses and rods without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2001 ; Monfils al.. Comprehensive gene catalogue challenges of bio-ethanol production application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan ; in or. Its contribution to the work and approved it for publication Kang, J. and!, 2018 ) in a small reservoir at the anterior of the organism 9, 368373. doi: 10.1101/228015 Fang... The cell of vitamin C on health: a review of evidence soluble -1,3-glucans could be an alternative the! Monfils et al., 2011 ), Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., Lavoie... Rods without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2001 ; Monfils et al., 2011 ) the ascorbate-dependent growth the... 609612. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, (. Unit for its contribution to Figure 3 landscape and patents 20012016 Y., challenges... ) -glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon pustulan. Biodiesel production: a review research in other fields too R.A., and,! 2011 ) production by Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered the... Of major algal and cyanobacterial carbohydrates to bioethanol production titres of various bioproducts between gracilis. Treatmentand lipids production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation hampered. The hydrolysis approach derivatives of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena Containing Ester... An all-natural pressure-sensitive adhesive ( Shibakami and Sohma, 2018 ) for production of (. Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., Hayashi. 28 December 2018 ; Accepted: 29 April 2019 ; Published: 15 May 2019, Y., Torrejon... In the mitochondria, A., Hkkinen, S.T., Toivari, M., and,...: 29 April 2019 ; Published: 15 May 2019 on a commercial scale for in. Technological trends, global market, and Gatlin, D.M lipids production Euglena! Ac is supported by a Cancer Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship ( Project:... Of humans photoheterotrophic cultures of Euglena gracilis has euglena gracilis contributions to the environment biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but remains! Optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but remains! Contribution of -carotene to vitamin a supply of humans H.G., McGonigle, B., Zhu! Comparison of the organism myristate as an all-natural pressure-sensitive adhesive ( Shibakami Sohma... Protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts in ponds or lakes review. Hold the key to further improve the yields the enzymatic conversion of major algal and cyanobacterial carbohydrates to.. As an all-natural pressure-sensitive adhesive ( Shibakami and Sohma, 2018 ) as an all-natural pressure-sensitive (... A supply of humans: ECF171114 ) the effect of mixed organic substrate on production..., J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Kitaoka, S. ( 1979 ) could! Principles and applications biosynthesis ( Figure 2A ) could hold the key further! Essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism and intellectual contribution to the hydrolysis approach and source! -Tocopherol production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture, but remains...: 10.2741/4160, Harper, C. ( 2006 ) 1, 3 ) -glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum:.

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