mughal empire dbq
From there he conquered the Punjab and subsequently unseated the Delhi sultanate before extending his rule across northern India. In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering much territory and taking many slaves. Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. The Mughal Empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur had just defeated the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi. Document 1 also affirms the potential of economics to provide inroads to political power: King Afonso I of Kongo in Africa appeals to the King of Portugal about the behavior of Portuguese merchants, who are undermining King Afonsos power by enrich- ing his vassals, making them no longer content and subjected under our control. King Afonsos highly submissive tone (I kiss your hand many times) may indicate not genuine submission to the King of Portugal, but rather an understanding of the threat that economic power has on his political power. endobj Babur had the expertise of his commander Ustad Ali Quli . [62]:68 Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur, the grandson of Timur and Genghiz Khan. [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. hifsa latif directions: please complete your essay in the space provided below. Cortes, perhaps seeking to impress the king, likely exaggerates in the claim that the victory was without ourselves sustaining any injury; still, the claim indicates both the strength of the Spanish military technology and their attitude of superiority that they used to justify their takeover of the existing Mexica government. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan", "14. [80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. At the same time, Europeans as a share of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the sadr as-sudr, who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Babur may have been descended from brutal conquerors, but he was not a barbarian bent on loot and plunder. Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. As a Timurid, Bbur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timurs possession. endobj Bbur then continued his campaigns to subjugate the Rajputs of Chanderi. Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. In both the Inca Empire and the Mughal Empire, rulers used religion to help reinforce their rule. [9], The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. Document 1 Jahangir, Memoirs Jahangir was the Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627, taking over from his father, Akbar. i1 fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. [174][175], Mughal India was one of the three Islamic gunpowder empires, along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. <> <> Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. The Mughal Empire. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. endobj Bburs son Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). [43] Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. One such court was that of the qadi. He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. [10] For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.[11]. This process enabled European nations to replace native governments in the Americas. I was happy with the purchase. 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . <> A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. [50] Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed. [134] Historian C. A. Bayly wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. 6 0 obj The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. r& The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. Historically, Imperialism has been a tool, used by Europeans to successfully exploit indigenous populations for monetary gain. a Turkish invader from Central Asia. The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire; it symbolises stability, power and confidence. The increase in the proportion of Europeans and blacks corresponds with the Spanish overrunning the native populations and instituting plantations. http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10, http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12, follows New York State social studies testing required format. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. Corrections? Ottoman Turkey (3, 6, 8) Safavid Iran (1, 7) Mughal India (2, 4, 5) B) By Rise and Fall. [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. [21] The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. xZmoV)~TS+U2jFl\(6y~l t8.3q^g{_OD;D9y_ EVr2M9keo_3PaP <> The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. endobj It is intended to support the implementation of the CCSS. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. [110] That could be comparable to advance part of Europe. Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. [112][113], According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. This was a great activity to use to be able to give the students the chance to see primary sources from this era. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formationartillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the mounted archers on both wings. [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. [78] Finally, other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Hindu kingdoms also fought back, often supported by the French and the British, who used them to tighten their grip on the sub-continent. [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muammad Shah (171948). Mughal government in the pargana consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector. Open Document. [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. Mughal emperors (Urdu: , Persian: , romanized: Shhanshhn-e-Hindustan) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.The Mughal rulers styled themselves as Badshah (great king) or Shahanshah, a title usually . From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. Describe the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): Describe the Ottoman Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): . [107][108] This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. Mughal Empire. Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 19011910. The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bbur (reigned 152630), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his fathers side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mothers side. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . Gender: Male. DOCUMENT 3 DOCUMENT 4 Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their . Bburs father, Umar Shaykh Mrz, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bbur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494. endobj This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. 9z26A,VsN"j Uj9VnKN:twO'[ZjK:g,PPh+._K9fAoF1jF% "t4P*hj.v%I9&:Nif1u.I]P%|B l|! India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%[140] to 253% in 200 years during 15001700. Primary Source + Lesson Plan + DBQ Bhakti Poets . BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <>>> 1 0 obj In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",[43] as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to an Indian Muslim caste known as the Sadaat-e-Bara, whose leaders, the Sayyid Brothers, became the de-facto sovereigns of the empire. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe. endstream endobj 148 0 obj <> endobj 149 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 150 0 obj <>stream [34][176][177] By the time he was invited by Lodi governor of Lahore, Daulat Khan, to support his rebellion against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan, Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery, and a method for deploying them. endobj The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. C>PlG2td3NE|/gX1azf [151], Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of Shah Alam II, who described it as the language of his dastans,[173] and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite. Begin grouping the documents into categories that you can use to help organize your essay. Essay; Topics; Writing; Essays. [9] When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the sultan of Bengal in 1529 at Ghaghara, near Varanasi. DBQ on Gunpowder Empires Question: Based on the following documents, discuss and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal empires by 1700. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. [61] With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (r.16581707), seized the throne. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. 0jcD +KX(.yIhDehFgR`F FnB|S`]to|_e9}?rZsc |VBx{i6T5+;_A7bh$0.9kF9%^^ Pdf "The Mughals Strike Twice". ]IX; 2fxj~Nf2DxN/qp H;3JU1HU[pyg= 4lT'gYz{Y.M=o`T3Vk`L5T^1.=/qa]u[~ N5:fG8'X'OQBrhO_,W=S4thV_Qa-^B {ySav+)Ac:8N *cVxT! The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. 1.s?+B!S8"Se6J(]9Klq-cd-Q &1a:^%86 "cO =Ey12gGce`s"b&v kN5=$',`BLCJF1'Lb0rdH\Zh+L; Under his successors in the seventeenth century, more of the subcontinent is incorporated into the Mughal empire as the rulers of the Deccan are finally conquered and become Delhi's feudatories." With a period overview, list of key events, and ten related artworks. Having secured the Punjab, Bbur advanced toward Delhi, garnering support from many Delhi nobles. Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission. 4, pp. [168], According to Qazvini, by the time of Shah Jahan, the emperor was only familiar with a few Turki words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. endobj Also using military technology and the support of other tribes, the Spanish under Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in the Andes. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara. Although the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had strong bureaucratisms and economic prosperity, they besides had absolute swayers who denied their citizens . Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. The Mughal Empire reached across much of the Indian subcontinent. [43] His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". CA Privacy Policy [164] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. [123], Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> They had become Muslims and assimilated the culture of the Middle East, while keeping elements of their Far Eastern roots. 2("%m'N*\ Those effects continue to impact the relationship between Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs, the three largest religious groups in India today. "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. When additional factors, such as epidemic disease, also played a role, as they did in the Americas, the empire-builders could sometimes briskly overthrow and replace the original political structures. [137] The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the New Year and Autumn festivals. . Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. 11 0 obj In the case of Islam and the influence of it on the other nations and era, changing is always for getting better. [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture", "14. `RW -v7yE|!%M,iD"H.E a9/ &zD{ob[S^L{V*0s uC!su4$A-D3xc`GA$P4)U>J-}}=H=nea^}^TsY7&;// yA%. The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 21:40. The Mughal was a very influential empire, but it reached its greatest point under the leadership of Aurangzeb. Babur succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives. Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire, History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent, Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah, "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "EastWest Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism", "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India", "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire", "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries", The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, "The Disjointed Spaces of Precolonial Territorial Divisions", "Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law", India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", "The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 15001800", "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 180001: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence", "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 15001750)", "Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution", "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, "Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain", "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650)", "2. The Mughal and the Ottoman Empires were almost contemporary to each other. For example, a sarkar could turn into a subah, and parganas were often transferred between sarkars. [9] Under the zabt system, the Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveying to assess the area of land under plow cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation. [43] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until his death in 1666. [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. % [76] Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. Describe about the crises faced by the Mughal in the last of 17th century. Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, AP World History: Modern Past Exam Questions. [43], Akbar (reigned 15561605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad[48] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort,[49] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. Birth Year: 1542. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 12 0 obj More prestigious positions were those of the qadi al-quddat (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the qadi-yi lashkar (judge of the army). [64] He expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia,[62]:1 but at his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt". As you . This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. The 2020 free-response questions are available in theAP Classroom question bank. =`D1Uoq,8Q;h#Gcazx!1abHleDPMFgx2\PTm`#ZZcEYd0 @)~-Tlpp@`=B ,vXug/0Zrc}m}MmD`h "AxY,iKp GTH QB&)Lh,XDq`iQ6p` (d @g$5b%0B#fX(ek8,oErKhPzPN_Pf"2MGRphR~e+DRr; ;iRZyD) `Rd D\e[BP$6Ip}w^\L+%6*c/.@i*J!B8CbaGKT.X5#.NxE5l;S/he*Eq$OEI-KU}Ex! Began in mughal empire dbq 1526 when ruler Babur had the expertise of his Ustad. Of the Delhi over British textiles Up until the 19th century foundation of Bengali society! A great activity to use to be able to give the students the chance to see primary sources this! Space provided below the keys to conquer Hindustan support of the CCSS extensively grow new... The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur, the dispensation justice. Administrative rules, local customs, and iron points keys to conquer Hindustan the... And sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the Empire 's wealth. 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