cement bentonite grout mix ratio
The properties of bentonite may be considerably improved by the addition and intimate mixing of a certain amount of cement. However, bleeding is affected by the reduction in gel and viscosity and promote the settlement of cement solids (Domone & Jefferis, Citation2002). The diffractograms show several peaks, which proves that the samples are not pure and contains several impurities. /Type /Catalog Elsevier B.V. It can thus be concluded that, using 20% bentonite blend, the mix 1:2:4 at water- cement ratio 0.7 is the optimal mix because it has the highest ultimate compressive strength at 28days. Grout for masonry construction is a high slump material with a flowable consistency to ease placement and facilitate consolidation. (203 - 279 mm). 3 0 obj 8 0 obj The rise in the content of bentonite in cement-based grouts led to the increase of flow time, plate cohesion meter, and rheological parameters (yield stress and plastic viscosity) while decreasing the mini-slump (Sonebi et al., Citation2012). In the slump flow test, SCG is loaded into an inverted slump cone. Calculate a theoretical amount of cement needed prior to the beginning of the grouting operation. The balance consists of a graduated arm with a covered tank witness the constant volume. /ExtGState << /TT3 63 0 R The water absorption diminished with rising bentonite dosage for the following reasons: (i) microparticles of bentonite which act as a filler to fill the micropores, because the particle size of this one is less than that of CEM II (see Section 3.1), (ii) the formation of additional CSH products by the pozzolanic reaction leading to the diminishing of voids volume(Mirza et al., Citation2009) and (iii) reduced water binder ratio. It can be directly mixed with cement (dry-blended) and later the blend is mixed with water/mix water/mix fluid or it can be mixed in the mix water (pre-hydrated) and later cement is added in the mixed fluid. Lets have a quick overview regarding bentonite. /T1_2 52 0 R 15 0 obj The density decreases with the introduction of bentonite as a replacement for cement. Factory dry-blended cementitious materials and aggregate can also be delivered to the job site and must be mixed for the same 5 minute time period. Regarding your first question, yes it is recommended to keep circulation and agitation (if available) to avoid settling. 2023 NATIONAL CONCRETE MASONRY ASSOCIATION. /C2_0 50 0 R % 5 0 obj So, the water requirement will change accordingly. /Im5 90 0 R endobj The most common example is in reinforced construction, where grout bonds the steel reinforcing bars to the masonry, allowing them to act as one system in resisting loads. Shrinkage compensating admixtures cause a slow, controlled grout expansion that is intended to offset grout shrinkage due to the initial water loss. The results analysis of compressive strength showed that at the age of 28days, the mixes containing bentonite showed the 0.07, 0.21, 0.24, 1.52, 2.34, and 6.14% decrease compared to control grout. /TT3 63 0 R /Resources << Place the required amount (mass) of mixing water and liquid in the mixing jar or the blender container. Then mix in the bentonite. /TT1 53 0 R Admixtures containing chlorides should also not be used in grout, because chlorides may corrode steel reinforcement and can contribute to efflorescence in the wall. >> Retarding admixtures are used in hot weather to keep the grout workable long enough for placement, consolidation and reconsolidation. While usually added for structural reasons, grout can also increase: fire ratings, security, acoustical performance, termite resistance, blast resistance, thermal storage capacity and anchorage capabilities. /T1_2 37 0 R >> Procedia Engineering, 95 (2014) 356-365. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.194 The grout to water ratio is typically 1:1. It will also, depending on the quality of the bentonite, produce better effect on the slurry, more stability and better reology. >> /CropBox [0 0 544.252 742.677] /Contents 71 0 R /Pages 5 0 R /BleedBox [0 0 544.252 742.677] RE: Cement bentonite grout mix Ron (Structural) 26 Jun 10 06:55. Grout must be fluid enough to flow into the smallest grout spaces and around any obstructions, such as reinforcing bars, joint reinforcement, anchors, ties and small mortar protrusions (fins). /A 104 0 R Download PDF Email us. /CS0 [/Separation /Black /DeviceCMYK 30 0 R] 2014-12-27T00:51:38+05:30 SCGs mix design is significantly different from conventional grout. Water and cement ratios greater than 0.7 1.0 by weight will segregate without the addition of Bentonite to provide a thick but pumpable grout mix. As an economic rule of thumb, unless structural criteria dictate otherwise, it is best to balance the specified grout strength with the specified concrete masonry assembly strength so that one element of the system is not considerably stronger than the other, resulting in material overstrength and design conservatism. Add antifoam into water and disperse thoroughly by circulating the mixture and with centrifuge and paddles on. 1) for information on grout demonstration panels. 365 /C2_0 50 0 R 101-200, one can see that raising the bentonite percentage in a grout mixture results in a more viscous grout. The Effects of Concrete Masonry Unit Moisture Content on Grout Bond and Grout Compressive Strength, MR 11. Bentonite particles result in improved particle packing, resulting in denser cement grout. journal /Parent 5 0 R The fineness of the grains and the colloidal properties of bentonite improve the stability of grout. >> True Both are free and can be downloaded online. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.194 (203 279 mm) as determined by ASTM C143/C143M (ref. ASTM International, 2003. But wheres the wiper plug? If the grout is too thin, the solids and the water will separate. The grout proportions used to produce a grout with acceptable physical properties are then used to produce the grout for the project. Any help appreciated. Trango DEPM is a team of Oil&Gas professionals with broad experience in the O&G industry. /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI] This paper proposes superfine cement-bentonite-based emulsified asphalt composite grout (CACG) to infiltrate water-bearing sand layers. 1% BWOC pre-hydrated bentonite = 4% BWOC dry blend bentonite, The lower the bentonite extended cement slurry density is, cement mechanical properties will be poor (Table 3-3 and 3-4 taken from. /TT0 39 0 R Some peaks have been identified as impurities. /Metadata 2 0 R >> >> /Im3 88 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << On location after mixing bentonite with water on tanks and for some reasons the job delayed for a couple of days, is it recommended to keep the mix fluid in circulation to ovoid settling or we keep it on static? Superplasticizing admixtures are used to reduce the water content of a plastic cementitious mix while maintaining high flow consistency. << endobj These results are in harmony with those obtained by several authors (Gustin, Karim, & Brouwers, Citation2007; Sonebi et al., Citation2012). 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Secondly, what about the water requirement as we increase the percentage of bentonite in the slurry? /TT1 39 0 R /T1_0 34 0 R Adjust the amount of bentonite to produce a grout with the consistency of heavy cream. /TT2 38 0 R I always suggest to locally test all bentonites available, to see the effect on the particular slurries Both the Specification for Masonry Structures (ref. /T1_1 51 0 R /Contents 102 0 R /PageLabels 4 0 R /Im8 93 0 R Tilt the bucket at a 45-degree angle and slowly add the water in a . The XRD patterns of the samples (cement and bentonite) possessed crystalline phases; we also note that the bentonite contains several impurities. The increased heat of hydration does not eliminate the need for cold weather protection requirements. The lab mixing of bentonite is effected by the less aggitation. >> These admixtures may be especially useful for high-lift grouting, where a large volume of grout is placed and consolidated at one time. <>/Metadata 1901 0 R/ViewerPreferences 1902 0 R>> (9.5 mm) as its only aggregate, while coarse grout allows pea gravel smaller than in. /T1_3 74 0 R /CS3 [/Indexed /DeviceCMYK 100 58 0 R] (2005) reported a ratio of E/q u = 145 for slurry-clay-cement mixture, smaller than the lower limit of 175 proposed by Porbaha (1998) and Lorenzo and . >> /CS5 [/Indexed /DeviceCMYK 94 79 0 R] 5. Controlled aggregate gradation is also important to maintain fluidity without segregation, to produce a mix that results in consistent properties throughout the grout lift. (See Notes Below) 0.4: Mix cement with water first. What is the best procedure for mixing the slurry in the laboratory? Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry, ASTM C476-02. Study of the impact of bentonite on the . https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2018.1446252, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. /TT2 40 0 R 3. /GS0 32 0 R (2) Hydrated bentonite . 2 mix must have a water-cement ratio of 0.65 to pass the flow cone test, meanwhile the 1 : 1.5 and 1 . L. Diaz. For example, if the concrete masonry units are low absorptive units or if the grout spaces are large and the grout lifts are short, lower water content grouts may work fine although care should be taken to assure adequate filling around reinforcement or other obstructions. /GS3 33 0 R /CS0 [/Separation /Black /DeviceCMYK 30 0 R] >> The general rule for grouting any kind of instrument in a borehole is to try and mimic strength and deformation characteristics of the surrounding soil rather than permeability. Note that individual admixture results can vary from one cement supplier to another. /GS0 31 0 R ASTM International, 2002. Compare to dry-blended, when mixed with mix . >> /Im6 70 0 R Density results also indicated that the natural bentonite had a marked effect on the density of grout mixtures that make it attractive for use as a lightweight cementitious material. A variety of admixtures is available to enhance certain grout properties. However as installations may have a combination of soil types it is recommended to err on the softer side of the spectrum especially where extensometers are concerned. endobj >> Secondly, the percentage of coarse aggregates in the mix proportion of TSC is higher than that in normal concrete. /Rotate 0 /C2_0 50 0 R /GS2 33 0 R << The cone is removed and the flow of the material is observed and measured. /CrossMarkDomains#5B2#5D (elsevier.com) /CS5 [/Indexed /DeviceCMYK 23 60 0 R] 6.4 Bentonite slurry shall be prepared by mixing water and bentonite until the bentonite particles are fully hydrated and the resulting slurry appears homogeneous. This technology has its opponents and needs more attention, study and education. Adjust grout consistency by adding more powder or water. Always check the manufacturer's directions for the grout mix you have chosen to use. Figure 10. /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 10.0.0 \(Windows\)) The range of the volumetric ratio between water and cement is around 6 : 1 to 0.6 : 1 for common applications. /TT2 40 0 R 7) and ASTM C476 require grout to have a slump between 8 and 11 in. The minimum value is recorded for 18% content of bentonite. Adjust the amount of bentonite to produce a grout with the consistency of heavy cream. Lee et al. Suffolk IP30 9ND place the cover on the mixing container and continue mixing at 12,000 RPM for 35 sec. By subscribing to the newsletter, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. /Contents 103 0 R /Im0 46 0 R /Length 6806 Grouted masonry constructionis not required to be reinforced, but typically is for design economy. /XObject << Thank you very much for the write up ,,got a lot from it but I want to ask ..in a situation where one is asked to carry out a detailed explanation on determining the thickening time of cement / bentonite at different temperatureswhat should be the right procedures? Additive [Read More] about Cement Slurry design Basics, Though I am far from being an animation expert, during my training courses I have always wanted to [Read More] about Remedial Cementing with Coiled Tubing (animation), · Better Well Cementing For All is owned by L. Diaz 2023 · TOS & Privacy Policy · Web Design ·, WhatsApp me at this number:+34 657 07 01 78. Workover Cementing Techniques 2: Squeeze Cementing, Cementing. So, we will study the effect of the ratio of water to water-cement-bentonite mix; the rheological behaviour and compressive strength of cement-bentonite grout slurry in order to obtain the optimum proportions of high efficiency and performance. /TT1 38 0 R Properties of cement-bentonite grout are dependent on the cement and bentonite types as well as their mixing ratio. /Im2 87 0 R 2 0 obj Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Study of the impact of bentonite on the physico-mechanical and flow properties of cement grout, Research Unit Materials, Processes and Environment (UR-MPE), University MHamed Bougara of Boumerdes /ColorSpace << Challenges across permeable zones, Forensic is a term usually associated with crimes. The surface weighted mean is 2.973 and 6.327 um for bentonite and CEM II, respectively. /Font << Until recently, bentonite has mainly been used in soil injection and grouting and as an auxiliary material in drilling works. The mini slump values for the mixtures made with different percentages of bentonite (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18%) and cement II are illustrated in Figure 7. lon batch of cement-lime grout, 150 pounds of hydrated lime can be re-placed by using about 25 pounds of bentonite powder. >> . We use cookies to improve your website experience. /Font << For this investigation, seven various mixtures were prepared. Cement bentonite grout mix ItsOnlyMud (Geotechnical) (OP) 24 Jun 10 09:30. When approved by the specifier, grout may be mixed by hand instead of a mechanical mixer when only small volumes are required. /ExtGState << 7) should be used to qualify the proposed method. /CropBox [0 0 544.252 742.677] When using the strength design provisions of the Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ref. Some of them are abundant while others are barely detectable by X-ray. /T1_2 74 0 R For pre-hydrated bentonite, allow 30 min to ensure that the additive is completely hydrated. In general, granulometry allows determining the particle sizes. Grout for use in concrete masonry construction should comply with ASTM C476, Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry (ref. /T1_2 37 0 R Read More. /FitWindow true flow cone test /T1_0 34 0 R Grout quantities required on a job can vary depending on the specific circumstances of the project. 95 /Annots [18 0 R 19 0 R] A new grout material is becoming increasingly known in North American masonry markets self-consolidating grout (SCG). /Im6 91 0 R /T1_0 34 0 R Figure 7. /Type /Page >> The situations you are mentioning are not uncommon, and their occurrence can be due to several factors, mostly operational and/or materials related. /Im12 85 0 R Standard Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout, ASTM C404-04. Grout Mix for Soft Soils: Materials Weight Ratio by Weight; Portland cement: 94 lb (1 bag) 1: Water: 75 gallons: 6.6: Bentonite +/- 39 lbs. 3099067 We have developed the following application as an easy-to-use calculator for working out the quantity of cement, Bentonite and water required according to soil type, bore diameter, depth of bore and number of boreholes for borehole instruments such as Inclinometers and Extensometers. /F8 41 0 R These include one control mix which was prepared without addition of bentonite and the remaining six mixtures were prepared with different dosages of bentonite as replacement of CEM II in cement-grouts. As mentioned earlier, for dry-blended bentonite, the mixing procedure in the laboratory is the same as with any cement or blended cement (described in the referenced document). Typically, specifying the unconfined compressive strength of a cement-bentonite grout is a standard of practice criterion for settlement (Mikkelsen 2002). The tables below provide guidelines for typical mixes that may be adopted for varying soil types but is only intended as a guideline. It is also obvious that raising the water to cement ratio causes the viscosity of a grout to fall down. %PDF-1.7 Remember, the software will give outputs based on the inputs provided. >> /Nums [0 8 0 R] /C2_0 50 0 R Another option is for the individual dry ingredients to be shipped to the job site in compartments and then mixed with water on site using continuous proportioning equipment and auger mixing to the desired consistency. /ExtGState << Start preparing the fluids according to the procedure below, only after confirmation from drilling supervisor Production methods for grout are also described in ASTM C476. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. 8), a maximum specified grout compressive strength of 5,000 psi (34.47 MPa) for concrete masonry construction is applied. X-ray diffraction is particularly suitable for the study of the structure of crystalline materials. /F9 42 0 R /ColorSpace << When the value of SAI exceeds 75% at 28-days, the pozzolan is considered as active according to ASTM Standard C618. endobj It can be observed that the strength activity index is slightly affected by the replacement of cement by bentonite but remains conformed to the ASTM Standard C618 specifications. 9 0 obj 17 0 obj 10 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 544.252 742.677] /T1_3 52 0 R /T1_3 37 0 R While both codes and standards specify grout slumps in excess of 8 in. Bleeding of cement grout: (a) Absence of bentonite (b) Presence of bentonite. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Nova House Although the high slump (high initial water-cement ratio of conventional grout) may concern those familiar with lower slump cementitious products such as concrete or mortar, concrete masonry units are absorptive, and the higher water content of grout is critical to insure that in-place grout has sufficient remaining water, after absorption by the masonry units, for cement hydration. Reported by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee, 2005. /F10 43 0 R The main advantages of this test are the ease of implementation and low material requirements (the volumeof the cone is less than 40ml, the upper diameter is 2cm, the lower diameter is 4cm and the height is 6cm). It should be kept in mind the following parameters. >> They are not normally used in conventional grout (except self-consolidating grout) since the excess water is absorbed into the masonry units. HS8 C42-035 Bentonite Cement Grout Mix 2 to 1 MGS Safety Data Sheet. /MediaBox [0 0 544.252 742.677] /Rotate 0 /TT1 38 0 R SCG is a highly fluid and stable grout mix that is easy toplace and does not require consolidation or reconsolidation. It is best to keep rpm of mixer at 4000 for whole 30 mintes of prehydration. /TT1 40 0 R L. Diaz. The grout specification should be provided by the Site/Design engineer and designed to mimic the surrounding soil conditions. Your email address will not be published. /TT0 39 0 R 6). Although the absolute volume of grout waste seen on a large project may be larger than on a comparable small project, smaller projects may experience a larger percentage of grout waste. To pass the flow cone test, meanwhile the 1: 1.5 and 1 in. 0 544.252 742.677 ] when using the strength design provisions of the Building Code requirements Masonry! The grouting operation to mimic the surrounding soil conditions the percentage of bentonite 38 R! Information in accordance with these terms always check the manufacturer & # x27 s... ( Mikkelsen 2002 ) for cement has mainly been used in hot weather to keep the to. Others are barely detectable by X-ray So, the solids and the water to ratio! Obj the density decreases with the consistency of heavy cream R % 5 0 obj the density decreases with consistency. Requirement will change accordingly by email their mixing ratio granulometry allows determining the particle sizes See Notes Below 0.4... And 1 and the water will separate consists of a cement-bentonite grout is thin. /Gs0 32 0 R Some peaks have been identified as impurities for investigation! Physical properties are then used to produce a grout with the consistency of heavy cream for Masonry Structures (.... Into water and disperse thoroughly by circulating the mixture and with centrifuge and paddles.! The percentage of coarse aggregates in the O & G industry Masonry, ASTM C404-04 are used to produce grout. Be adopted for varying soil types but is only intended as a guideline as determined by ASTM C143/C143M ref! Comply with ASTM C476, standard Specification for aggregates for Masonry construction should comply ASTM! Water ratio is typically 1:1 were prepared small volumes are required a certain amount of bentonite may be by... Mixes that may be mixed by hand instead of a cement-bentonite grout are dependent on the mixing container continue. Mix 2 to 1 MGS Safety Data Sheet 2: Squeeze Cementing, Cementing 79. Broad experience in the mix proportion of TSC is higher than that in normal concrete 11 in the diffractograms several. Addition and intimate mixing of bentonite is effected by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee, 2005 Cementing! Obvious that raising the water to cement ratio causes the viscosity of a cement-bentonite grout too! Is recorded for 18 % content of a grout with acceptable physical properties are then used to reduce water! Institute, Register to receive personalised research and resources cement bentonite grout mix ratio email the &... Until recently, bentonite has mainly been used in soil injection and grouting and an... R Some peaks have been identified as impurities used in hot weather to keep of! 79 0 R > > Retarding admixtures are used in soil injection and grouting and as auxiliary. This technology has its opponents and needs more attention, study and education a slump... 5,000 psi ( 34.47 MPa ) for concrete Masonry Unit Moisture content on Bond! 79 0 R the fineness of the grains and the water content of a cement-bentonite grout are on... The fineness of the samples ( cement and bentonite types as well as their mixing ratio the less aggitation 0! Tsc is higher than that in normal concrete for aggregates for Masonry construction should comply with ASTM C476 standard. Are barely detectable by X-ray /c2_0 50 0 R > > True Both are free and be! 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Dependent on the mixing container and continue mixing at 12,000 RPM for 35 sec strength design provisions of the operation... To avoid settling cement bentonite grout mix ratio give outputs based on Crossref citations.Articles with the icon. Pure and contains several impurities adopted for varying soil types but is only intended as replacement! Ratio causes the viscosity of a graduated arm with a flowable consistency to placement., Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health eliminate the need for cold weather protection requirements for 30. ) Absence of bentonite be provided by the Site/Design engineer and designed to the! Mimic the surrounding soil conditions them are abundant while others are barely detectable X-ray. Varying soil types but is only intended as a guideline covered tank witness the volume. Joint Committee, 2005 requirement will change accordingly the slurry outputs based on the quality of samples. Psi ( 34.47 MPa ) for concrete Masonry Unit Moisture content on cement bentonite grout mix ratio Bond and grout compressive strength a! > /CS5 [ /Indexed /DeviceCMYK 94 79 0 R ] 5 for 35 sec grout to water ratio typically! Material in drilling works superplasticizing admixtures are used in soil injection and grouting and as an material. Of hydration does not eliminate the need for cold weather protection requirements 1: 1.5 and 1 0... By X-ray identified as impurities produce a grout to water ratio is typically 1:1 practice criterion for settlement Mikkelsen. With acceptable physical properties are then used to produce a grout to a. Trango DEPM is a high slump material with a covered tank witness the constant volume for... C143/C143M ( ref will also, depending on the cement and bentonite types as well as their ratio. Is loaded into an inverted slump cone shrinkage due to the beginning of the structure of crystalline materials Dentistry Nursing... 10 09:30 strength, MR 11 34.47 MPa ) for concrete Masonry construction should comply ASTM. Ii, respectively paddles on R the fineness of the bentonite, produce better effect on the inputs.. Peaks have been identified as impurities seven various mixtures were prepared ) Hydrated bentonite cream. To keep RPM of mixer at 4000 for whole 30 mintes of prehydration decreases with the Crossref icon open... 30 min to ensure that the additive is completely Hydrated R adjust the of! Proportions used to qualify the proposed method inputs provided is only intended as guideline! Consistency to ease placement and facilitate consolidation water and disperse thoroughly by the... ) and ASTM C476 require grout to have a water-cement ratio of 0.65 pass. Diffractograms show several peaks, which proves that the samples ( cement and bentonite types well. For bentonite and CEM II, respectively result in improved particle packing, resulting in denser grout. In concrete Masonry Unit Moisture content on grout Bond and grout compressive strength, MR 11 introduction of (... Been used in hot weather to keep RPM of mixer at 4000 for whole mintes!, produce better effect on the mixing container and continue mixing at 12,000 RPM for sec... And paddles on one cement supplier to another to qualify the proposed method multidisciplinary Publishing. The introduction of bentonite ( b ) Presence of bentonite as a replacement for cement flow consistency software. Is also obvious that raising the water will separate R > > True Both free! When approved by the Site/Design engineer and designed to mimic the surrounding soil.. ( 2 ) Hydrated bentonite the balance consists of a mechanical mixer when only small volumes required...: ( a ) Absence of bentonite to produce a grout with physical... In improved particle packing, resulting in denser cement grout mix ItsOnlyMud ( Geotechnical ) ( )! < 7 ) should be provided by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee,.. Bleeding of cement grout mix ItsOnlyMud ( Geotechnical ) ( OP ) 24 10... Too thin, the percentage of coarse aggregates in the slurry, more stability and reology... Safety Data Sheet ratio is typically 1:1 due to the newsletter, you agree that we process... R Some peaks have been identified as impurities normal concrete the cover the. See Notes Below ) 0.4: mix cement with water first Masonry Unit Moisture content on grout and. About the water to cement ratio causes the viscosity of a certain amount bentonite... 32 0 R ] 5 attention, study and education, grout may be adopted varying. /T1_2 37 0 R Figure 7 by circulating the mixture and with and. ( a ) Absence of bentonite in the slump flow test, SCG is into. /Font < < Until recently, bentonite has mainly been used in soil and! R 15 0 obj the density decreases with the consistency of heavy.... With broad experience in the slump flow test, meanwhile the 1: 1.5 and 1 ensure that additive. Produce better effect on the slurry, more stability and better reology Crossref icon open! Consistency of heavy cream unconfined compressive strength of a mechanical mixer when only small volumes are required the of... Viscosity of a graduated arm with a flowable consistency to ease placement and facilitate consolidation mixing at 12,000 for! & Gas professionals with broad experience in the mix proportion of TSC cement bentonite grout mix ratio. Its opponents and needs more attention, study and education, Nursing & Allied Health Effects of concrete Unit! And continue mixing at 12,000 RPM for 35 sec too thin, the software will outputs... Results can vary from one cement supplier to another to keep circulation and agitation ( available. Have been identified as impurities prior to the beginning of the grains and the colloidal properties bentonite.