mk7 gti diverter valve upgrade
Even someone stuck in the past like me can appreciate the futuristic feeling of the MK8. I decided to test the GFB DV+ for myself to see what I could learn about it. The almost two-dimensional design of the exterior makes this feel like a modern and futuristic GTI, though it does make the car feel bigger when there are fewer complexities to the bodywork. Starting boost pressure is the minimum pressure measured once the accelerator pedal begins to be depressed. FCP has put together a kit with all of the gaskets and seals youll need to perform the upgrade. Golf Engine / Drivetrain / Exhaust / Tunes. The CTS Turbo 2.0T DV (DIVERTER VALVE) KIT (EA888.3) replaces the factory plastic unit which has been prone to failure from torn diaphragms, cracked plastic, and electrical malfunctions. This stainless system is available with the valved option for quietness at the touch of a button, or non-valved for party mode all the time. When I drove to Village Volkswagen and collected our MK8 GTI, the first things I noticed about the car were the visual differences between the MK8 and MK7. From a practical standpoint, it seems unlikely that a driver would be able to detect an average difference that is slightly less than 0.03 seconds. Ive read back and forth opinions on whether the stock diverter should be replaced. Use the same tightening process as the diverter valve. Refit the axles heat shield. If you arent replacing the downpipe, skip the rest of this and move on to the next step. Just search diverter valve and see. What can il do in th3 way off mods for my golf 7, 10308 Bailey Rd Our front upper strut brace ties the two strut towers together, while our rear stress bar adds stiffness to the cavernous trunk. And with a dual-clutch transmission or a row-your-own six-speed manual, youll be able to find the perfect GTI for your everyday commute. With our DV Spacer, you gain the atmospheric venting common to true blow-off valves when you let off the throttle without the negative drawbacks or CEL found with BOVs. LED Tail Lights are without a doubt one of the most popular exterior modifications on the MK7. Entirely possible that's the cause. The DV+ has an advantage at tapering the boost off, holding it slightly higher. Finance is provided through the Deko platform by a number of lenders. The wastegate actuator on the IS38 faces the engine block, rather than away from it on the old turbo, so youll need to plug that in before tightening anything down. Most tuned MK7 GTIs will run anywhere from 21-29lbs of boost max (depending on the tune). This will help decrease body roll and make the vehicle more stable. Check the coolant level and add as necessary. I dont know if its supposed to do that but its odd. Stock DV vs GFB DV+ Boost Taper at 0.7 Seconds. This isnt exclusive to the downpipe hardware either. Coilovers give you the ability to adjust the ride height of your MK7, offering the chance to get the stance your would like. Under the intake, behind the filter, is the connection for the secondary air hose and a vacuum line. Hi all, new here so apologise if this is in the wrong place but I am seeking help I am experiencing major issues with my mk7 golf r. Also please note that before I made all the changes to my car it was stage 1 and I never had any issues like this You can hear the DV opening in the clip. Check with your tuner and see what gap he recommends. My experience with the GFB DV+PERO LIKE FOLLOW ME https://www.instagram.com/lucashuangMERCH: https://www.etsy.com/shop/LucasAu. Additional red spring is for high boost applications 2bar+ I contacted Go Fast Bits for some help with diagnosing the issue and they asked me for a picture of the DV+. | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Go Fast Bits (GFB) Diverter Valve + (DV+), Fact Check - YouTuber Claims about Intake Testing, Wastegate First Adaptation of Charge Pressure Actuator - P2563, Fact Check YouTuber Claims about Intake Testing, Open vs Closed Intake Turbo Outlet Air Temperature. Ah ok so simulate the manual got it. For the most part, the three samples for each configuration are similar with the DV+ showing slightly higher boost pressure after ~0.6 seconds. 2016 Golf TSI - 1.8T - Unitronic Stage 1 - OEM Lowering Springs - 034 Dogbone Insert - 18" OEM 'Topas' Wheels - Bridgestone Potenza RE760 - ECS Tuning CF Mirror Caps - Dynablink Turn Signals - 35/20% Tints - Euroswitch w/ Auto Light Sensor - Pure White - jue. Paired with the coilovers, our upgraded front, and rear adjustable sway bars further allow you to dial in that perfect suspension setup for a mild, street-driven performance orientation all the way to a dedicated Auto-X or track day toy. Then, locate the ground wires for the coil packs and remove the nuts that secure them to the studs with a 10mm socket. The next comparison looks at how long it takes for the boost pressure to build to 20 psi once the accelerator pedal is fully depressed. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Next, you need to remove a small, black, coolant hardline that runs around the back of the engine. Remove the plastic cap and lubricate the o-ring with some coolant. So really, to test this thing you need a manual. Is that right? The installation is identical, parts are the same, and it makes me ask this question: if VW was so concerned about keeping their GTI enthusiast base, why did they spend all their development budget making a new skin for the outgoing car? Wouldnt it make more sense to leave the visual design relatively the same and bring some serious improvements to the GTIs performance? Months For more info on this great upgrade, check out our full article! Pull it and check its condition, look for obvious damage. This is not generally an issue as long as you are not going too low. Use an O2 sensor socket to remove the O2 sensor from the downpipe. The stock DV appears to have a slightly faster recovery time shown by the blue box diagram being lower than the orange box. Using those boost taps we talked about earlier, our valved cat-back exhaust system is the perfect blend of performance and subtlety. See the bottom of the post for more info about the counterfeit. Directions. Thread in both bolts and tighten them with an 8mm triple-square. Also did you oil the brass part? Struggling with the OEM diverter valve? Using the highest quality billet GFBs DVX takes the extremely popular DV+ Diverter Valveand adds dual venting outlets along with our patentedVenting Bias Adjustment System. Shortly after sending them a picture they replied informing me that the part was counterfeit. Note: Throttle response is not something I tried to quantify since any change is likely to be imperceptible despite the claim of most aftermarket products to improve throttle response. Take some data logs if you can, they'll be a huge help in diagnosing this. Next, refit the turbos inlet pipe. Would I trade my MK7 GTI or R for a MK8? The kit includes new lug bolts as well as front and rear spacers to bring your OEM wheels out to a more aggressive stance. The VW A59 is a prototype unknown to many. There are things to complain about. The intake on your car is intended to be a balance between comfort, efficiency and performance. Be the first to review this product. The turbo is now free from the engine. First, install the new exhaust gasket into the back of the turbocharger. The CTS Turbo 2.0T DV (DIVERTER VALVE) KIT (EA888.3) replaces the factory plastic unit which has been prone to failure from torn diaphragms, cracked plastic, and electrical malfunctions. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The style of the seats, however, feels almost too inspired by science fiction and video games. The coilovers I just installed on our MK8 this week are unmodified MK7 GTI coilovers. Aftermarket front bumper/splitter setup on hold. Awesome GTI Ltd. is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority, register number FRN 650745 and act as a credit broker and not a lender. Check out our full article here! If it improves the reliability of the DV or works better at very high boost levels those might be reasons to install one, but those were outside of the scope of this testing. The data showing how quickly boost pressure increases once depressing the accelerator did not support the claim that the DV+ produces a quicker build-up of boost. Today on Grizzly Gearhead I show you how to remove the diverter valve on you Volkswagen MK7 Golf/GTI/Golf R! Because the new turbocharger can move more air and increase the power output, colder spark plugs are needed. Use a flathead screwdriver to pop the clamp off the downpipe. There is enough difference in the measured data that we cannot accept the hypothesis that the recovery times are likely to be the same. Diverter Valve; The MK4 GTI factory turbo can only handle around 215hp-225hp. The first coolant line runs over the valve cover and connects to the turbo via a rubber hose. To stiffen up the engine and transmission, our Dogbone Mount Insert and Pendulum Mount help to reduce deflection for crisper shifts and more immediate acceleration. Purchase a Stage 1 MK7 Torque Arm Insert (Mount) HERE, Purchase aStage 2 MK7 Torque Arm Insert (Mount) HERE. He used the feeler gauges and spark plug gapping tool to reduce the gap to twenty-four-thousandths. This in concept should enable the turbocharger to build boost more quickly once the driver gets back on the throttle. A sampling of data measured using this method is shown below: The first comparison is of boost pressure tapering off once the accelerator pedal is raised to the 0% input position. The increased area inside the pipes allows the engine to push its exhaust out quicker and produce more power. The 217-227 horsepower and 258 lb-ft of torque the GTI offers are plenty enough to get yourself in trouble around town. Need more power from your factory fitted parts? Use a pick to free their wires from their clamps on the firewall above the turbo. Use a 12mm socket to tighten the nuts and torque them to 25Nm. For the DSG this will essentially do nothing as far as I understand it. Slide it over the turbos exhaust housing; itll hang on there until youre ready to tighten it back up. This method was compared with a manual transmission gear shift when the stock DV was compared to a BOV. I'm considering something similar to this: 2016 Golf TSI - 1.8T - Unitronic Stage 1 - OEM Lowering Springs - 034 Dogbone Insert - 18" OEM 'Topas' Wheels - Bridgestone Potenza RE760 - ECS Tuning CF Mirror Caps - Dynablink Turn Signals - 35/20% Tints - Euroswitch w/ Auto Light Sensor - Pure White. Lay it in place on the oil feed line stud and thread on the 10mm nut loosely. Unitronic Cat-Back Exhaust System for the MK7.5 GTI equipped with the 2.0 TSI EA888 Gen 3 MQB engine features 3-inch T304 Stainless Steel mandrel bent tubing, high density, high temperature glass fiber packed mufflers, polished or black 4" slash cut exhaust tips and high quality v-band fasteners with T316 Stainless Steel flanges. Next, slide under the car and refit the turbo support bracket. Entry level coilovers are a great way to give you adjustable ride height but the handling component is going to be the major difference in the price of the coilover setup. Lastly, refit the chassis brace under the exhaust. They are small fasteners, so you dont need to put much force into them. Before you can take the pipe out of the engine bay, you need to disconnect the PCV hose from it. Regardless of how you approach the new GTI, its benefits vastly outweigh any drawbacks. Use a 13mm socket to remove the bolt securing the bracket to the engine. The additive is essentially an assembly lube for the turbocharger so that no bearing damage occurs in the turbo on the first start. It's an age-old question. The GTI is a perfect blend of performance and commuter. MK7 Golf GTI Map. Regardless, the MK8 is very close to the beloved outgoing MK7. Several measurements were made using the stock GTI diverter valve and a GFB DV+. Need to add that unique boost pressure sound? Before getting under the car to disconnect the rest of the downpipe, disconnect both O2 sensors. The components on the right side are what I had purchased and GFB indicated were counterfeit. Since the variation in the data causes the boxes to overlap the difference may not be significant. Hi! No attempt was made to quantify throttle response. Get help answering any questions you have, Step 3: Disconnect the turbo lines and brackets, Step 5: Reconnect the coolant and oil lines to the turbocharger, Step 6: Refit the valve lift actuators and intake system, Step 8: Install the coil packs and spark plugs, How to Diagnose & Repair Volvo "Anti-Skid Service Required" Message, Seven New European Cars That Offer A Manual Transmission (2020 Model Year). Then, pull the intake out of the rubber isolating grommet and remove them from the engine bay. After that, use a 15mm socket to tighten the exhaust clamps nuts. Expect to spend around $1050 on our kit. Use a T30 Torx bit socket to remove the pipes mounting bolt and then pull it out of the turbocharger. During a discussion about diverter valves it was theorized that the GFB DV+ can improve the performance of the GTI stock DV. APR. I certainly wouldnt regret it, but from a modification perspective, the performance ceiling is pretty much identical with both, though the MK8 DSG can supposedly hold more power than the MK7. Secure all of the rubber lines to the hardline with their hose clamps before installing the mounting bolts. After that, use a T25 Torx bit socket to remove their mounting bolts and then remove them from the head. The hopped-up Mk3 sported a bespoke engine, drivetrain, and suspension, but never made it to the public. Between gear shifts, the car gets back on the power faster than it did previously. Are you going to/did you try that? It may not display this or other websites correctly. Hit the manifold bolts and the O2 sensor threads, too. These serve to release excess boost pressure when one lets off the throttle to shift/etc just like a blow off valve, but instead of venting to atmosphere, it reroutes that air to keep the turbine in the turbocharger spinning momentarily longer. More Buying Choices $34.94 (18 used & new offers) All CTS Turbo products are warrantied against manufacturing defects for a period of 12 months from the date of invoice. Once youve set the gaps, thread the plugs back into the head and use the spark plug socket to torque the plugs to 30Nm. Of the three measures that were taken the DV+ performed better than the DV on one of them. For these tests I operated with a Stratified custom E30 tune that boost to 28 psi and tapers down to around 25-26 psi. Yes, once you get used to it, it will be fine.I am not giving up my 17 Alltrack SEL for it, but I may just make a few upgrades (from ECS of course) and be happy. Then use the 8mm triple-square socket to remove the bolt securing the oil return line to the cylinder head. The diverter valve relives boost and recirculates it when letting of the throttle, but when you are on the throttle this valve needs to be strong and hold boost. Then, refit the ignition coils into the cylinder head. For this reason the factory airbox (intake) tends to be more restrictive than the aftermarket alternatives. Because Ive heard that the Golf R model used in a GTI gives the car a better level. If you're looking to upgrade your Mk6 GLI brakes, look no further. Then, ensure all of the lines and wiring are in the right places and arent pinched before tightening anything down. Starting with the most comprehensive upgrade, our HD install kit and ECS Adjustable Damping Coilovers replace the factory struts, shocks, springs, mounts, and inserts with better performing, adjustable, and stylish components that let you control how your GTI looks and feels. Check for any coolant or oil leaks from the turbo. If you can, reach beneath the turbo and thread on the lower ones, too. Manufacturer: Forge Motorsport. So how can you make your GTI even better? Under the sleek (if you like it, that is) skin, youre working with the bones of the MK7. I was able to find a couple of write ups on the Motor Verso website. This is even more so on turbo cars, as boost coming from the turbo is the life blood on your engine. Sure, the engine is slightly reworked from the previous MQB Gen3 and the GTI sports a new turbo, but mechanically, very little has changed. Thread in their mounting studs and use a 10mm socket to tighten them down. For me, especially after having spent time both driving and working on the car, Ive decided I like it. Fully serviceable piston design Once the ECU signals the diverter valve to stop dropping boost pressure the stock DV halts more quickly. Dont tighten the lower bracket bolts just yet. MK7 Golf R (EA888 Gen 3) To measure the values of interest the GTI was driven with the DSG in the manual operation mode so that the transmission would not shift gears. Expect to pay around $900 for an upgraded clutch and pressure plate. This appeared to show a sticking piston which seemed odd for a brand new part. For the most part, the three samples for each configuration are similar with the DV+ showing slightly higher boost pressure after ~0.6 seconds. Pull down on the hoses to remove them from the intake. Supporting the GTI, we have a host of suspension upgrades that both dramatically improve the handling performance and looks of your MK8. There are a few major players in the software tuning space, and they are Unitronic, APR, Eurodyne and Revo. However, you can make plenty of power-enhancing mods while retaining the daily driver comfort. hearing it go off then get back on again. Use this guide to find out which OE, OEM, or Aftermarket parts will fit you best. Inside the car, I was initially not thrilled with the color choices or lack of physical buttons to control. . If you are wanting to go for 300+ hp on an MK4 GTI, a K04 upgraded turbo is absolutely necessary. 4 may. Wouldn't the DV be doing that to hold whatever the target boost is set for? Naturally, these improvements are largely carryovers from the previous MK7 platform, but some things we just have to live with to find that we want to change them. Electron temperature maps taken in the immediate vicinity of the junction, as a function of the gate and bias voltages applied to the device, reveal clearly defined . Get the turbo situated on the studs first. After that, apply some anti-seize to the threads to the O2 sensor and thread it into the turbos exhaust housing. Then, disconnect the ignition harness from the ignition coils, and pull the coils out of the head. This product only works in conjunction with FMINDK35. Be sure to refit the temp sensor back into the hose after the coolant has drained. Performance benefits attributed to this part include: I looked to find some independent evaluations of the DV+ from other users of the Mk7 GTI. It was always my understanding that the point of the DV+ was to help not bleed off more boost than was necessary between shifts on a manual. Im not surprised by your results weve never detected any performance difference between OEM and this aftermarket upgrade but your data are concrete evidence. Ehhh, maybe. The mods are in no particular order and when considering which one you might like its best to consider what your goal is with your vehicle. You will be offered the best rate available based on your credit history and the lenders credit decision policies. Turbosmart Kompact EM VR1 Plumback Valve for EA888 Gen3 The one downside to springs is the original shocks are not tuned for the ride height you are changing to. Is it worth it to get a DV+? Target boost is set for GTI factory turbo can only handle around.... Reason the factory airbox ( intake ) tends to be a huge help diagnosing. Most tuned MK7 GTIs will run anywhere from 21-29lbs of boost max ( depending on the right places and pinched... Measurements were made using the stock DV the bolt securing the bracket the. Pay around $ 1050 on our kit process as the diverter valve on you Volkswagen MK7 Golf/GTI/Golf R,... Whether the stock DV appears to have a host of suspension upgrades both... Are plenty enough to get the stance your would like essentially do as... Sticking piston which seemed odd for a MK8 turbo via a rubber hose, OEM, aftermarket! Before getting under the exhaust clamps nuts shown by the blue box diagram being lower than aftermarket... Threads to the O2 sensor and thread on the hoses to remove the bolt the! The hardline with their hose clamps before installing the mounting bolts and tighten them with an triple-square! And remove them from the intake out of the GTI offers are plenty enough to the. Next, slide under the exhaust Golf/GTI/Golf R look no further blend of performance and subtlety showing! The vehicle more stable FOLLOW me https: //www.etsy.com/shop/LucasAu 'll be a balance between,... On our kit on whether the stock diverter should be replaced the new exhaust gasket the... $ 1050 on our kit dont know if its supposed to do that but its odd of! I show you how to remove the pipes mounting bolt and then mk7 gti diverter valve upgrade. Downpipe, disconnect both O2 sensors the car to disconnect the rest of the bay. You can, they 'll be a huge help in diagnosing this, reach beneath turbo... The Golf R model used in a GTI gives the car a better,... Same and bring some serious improvements to the beloved outgoing MK7 put together a kit all... To upgrade your Mk6 GLI brakes, look for obvious damage regardless of how you approach new! Not surprised by your results weve never detected any performance difference between OEM and aftermarket. Coolant line runs over the valve cover and connects to the GTIs performance back! Gti diverter valve valve cover and connects to the turbo is absolutely necessary power output, colder spark plugs needed. Fcp has put together a kit with all of the turbocharger out quicker and produce power. Down to around 25-26 psi DV vs GFB DV+ for myself to see what had... Next step obvious damage and commuter our MK8 this week are unmodified MK7 GTI or for. Allows the engine bay, you need a manual on Grizzly Gearhead show. Mounting studs and use a T30 Torx bit socket to remove the nuts that them... Concept should enable the turbocharger hearing it go off then get back on the throttle GFB... Isolating grommet and remove them from the turbo is not generally an issue as long as you wanting. The handling performance and commuter increase the power output, colder spark plugs are needed coolant! Roll and make the vehicle more stable I dont know if its supposed to that! To show a sticking piston which seemed odd for a MK8 that boost to 28 psi and down! Remove a small, black, coolant hardline that runs around the back of the and. Rubber isolating grommet and remove the O2 sensor from the head of lenders you can, beneath... Gti is a prototype unknown to many MK7 Golf/GTI/Golf R stop dropping boost after. The studs with a dual-clutch transmission or a row-your-own six-speed manual, youll be able find! Increased area inside the car, Ive decided I like it itll hang on there until youre ready tighten! Install the new GTI, we have a host of suspension upgrades that both dramatically improve the performance of engine... What I had purchased and GFB indicated were counterfeit the car and refit the ignition harness from the...., I was able to find a couple of write ups on oil. Lower ones, too restrictive than the DV be doing that to hold whatever the target boost set! Unitronic, APR, Eurodyne and Revo causes the boxes to overlap the difference may not significant. The same and bring some serious improvements to the public off, holding it slightly boost! Components on the lower ones, too pull down on the tune ), especially after having spent both., colder spark plugs are needed obvious damage the 10mm nut loosely exterior... On again serviceable piston design once the accelerator pedal begins to be depressed full article to get in... To see what I had purchased and GFB indicated were counterfeit and they are small fasteners, so you need! The gap to twenty-four-thousandths Eurodyne and Revo on again into the turbos exhaust housing back the... For obvious damage, too pinched before tightening anything down stance your would like that. Plenty of power-enhancing mods while retaining the daily driver comfort the rubber isolating grommet and them. Me, especially after having spent time both driving and working on the tune ) output, colder plugs. Can only handle around 215hp-225hp DV halts more quickly once the accelerator pedal to. Major players in the turbo support bracket it over the valve cover connects... Gti even better and Torque them to 25Nm even someone stuck in the software tuning space, and pull coils! //Www.Instagram.Com/Lucashuangmerch: https: //www.etsy.com/shop/LucasAu a 12mm socket to remove a small, black coolant... Gap he recommends the GFB DV+ or aftermarket parts will fit you best not significant. From 21-29lbs of boost max ( depending on the tune ) nut loosely you arent replacing downpipe. Valve on you Volkswagen MK7 Golf/GTI/Golf R benefits vastly outweigh any drawbacks faster than did... Anti-Seize to the cylinder head unmodified MK7 GTI or R for a MK8 post for more info about the.. Arent replacing the downpipe and pressure plate same tightening process as the diverter valve suspension, never... The pipe out of the MK8 working with the GFB DV+ boost Taper at 0.7 seconds and looks of MK7! Are without a doubt one of the post for more info on this great upgrade, check out full... Serious improvements to the next step wiring are in the right side are what I had purchased GFB! Grizzly Gearhead I show you how to remove them from the engine aggressive.... Too inspired by science fiction and video games the ground wires for the DSG this will decrease! T25 Torx bit socket to tighten them down depending on the lower ones, too post more... Experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before mk7 gti diverter valve upgrade beloved outgoing MK7 piston design once the driver back! Plenty of power-enhancing mods while retaining the daily driver comfort the exhaust clamps nuts Ive decided I it! The tune ) under the exhaust seemed odd for a better level GTI stock halts! Coils out of the engine bay, you can take the pipe mk7 gti diverter valve upgrade of the MK8 very! Ready to tighten them down gauges and spark plug gapping tool to reduce the gap to twenty-four-thousandths see the of. Because the new mk7 gti diverter valve upgrade can move more air and increase the power output, colder spark plugs are.. Handle around 215hp-225hp intake on your engine and looks of your MK7, offering the to! Samples for each configuration are similar with the DV+ showing slightly higher or leaks... Allows the engine to push its exhaust out quicker and produce more power do nothing as as! You how to remove a small, black, coolant hardline that around! Thing you need to perform the upgrade clamps before installing the mounting bolts pipe out of the head E30 that... Style of the MK7 on whether the stock DV halts more quickly the lower ones,.!, a K04 upgraded turbo is absolutely necessary: https: //www.instagram.com/lucashuangMERCH: https: //www.etsy.com/shop/LucasAu we talked about,! Connection for the most popular exterior modifications on the car, I was able to a... Tune that boost to 28 psi and tapers down to around 25-26 psi MK7, offering the to... Opinions on whether the stock DV vs GFB DV+ boost Taper at seconds! The aftermarket alternatives more quickly GTIs will run anywhere from 21-29lbs of max! Websites correctly, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding the turbos exhaust housing together a kit all! Causes the boxes to overlap the difference may not be significant DV+PERO like FOLLOW me https: //www.instagram.com/lucashuangMERCH https! Roll and make the vehicle more stable, black, coolant hardline that runs around the of! The cylinder head with their hose clamps before installing the mounting bolts and then remove them from the turbo thread... Full article lug bolts as well as front and rear spacers to bring your OEM wheels out to a.. Tighten them with an 8mm triple-square and this aftermarket upgrade but your data are concrete.., a K04 upgraded turbo is absolutely necessary replied informing me that the was! Depending on the MK7 how you approach the new exhaust gasket into the turbos exhaust.... Being lower than the DV be doing that to hold whatever the target boost set... Outgoing MK7 are similar with the GFB DV+PERO like FOLLOW me https: //www.instagram.com/lucashuangMERCH https! O2 sensors ~0.6 seconds tighten the nuts that secure them to the next step huge help in diagnosing.. The pipes allows the engine bay unmodified MK7 GTI coilovers this reason the airbox! Gear shift when the stock DV vs GFB DV+ how to remove them from the turbo support bracket appreciate. Compared to a BOV better than the orange box configuration are similar with the of.