why is acetone voc exempt
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) react with nitrogen oxides on hot summer days to form ozone (smog). Smog is formed when VOCs photochemically react with oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the atmosphere. ~_PE5#$3Kti9Rs*|$ qD{T>$^NWu;x~gjm{"kdnqeb qj Those VOC, determined to have low photochemical reactivity by approved test methods, may be excluded from the VOC definition for certain regulatory purposes. These determinations are made by regulation and are commonly referred to as VOC Exemptions. Note that EPA will only exempt pure compounds and will not exempt mixtures. Our expert team can help find the best product for you! Eight of those 12 states are scheduled to update their VOC definition in 2006. Tell us more about what you need and a member of our team will email or call you to complete your request. It is designed to solve many of the compliance issues facing manufacturers and end-users of formulated products. 3R `j[~ : w! Official websites use .gov The most recently issued VOC Exemption Rules are listed below, with links to fact sheets and additional information. The definition is often that they do not contribute to ozone or ozone depletion. Web3. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. %%EOF It evaporates easily in air, is flammable, and This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Let us know how we can better serve you in the future. A VOC Exempt Solvent is a solution that is not placed under restriction since it does not contain a harmful amount of Volatile Organic Compounds. Propylene Carbonate (also specifically exempted by EPA): Propylene For example, acetone, methylene chloride, and many CFC refrigerants are not VOCs. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. WebVOCs / Exempt Compounds / Group I; Share: Group I Exempt Compounds. Univar, the collaboration insignia, and other identified trademarks are the property of Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies. %PDF-1.5 % However, ozone at ground level can be detrimental to health and the environment and is considered a pollutant that can significantly decrease air quality. 131. Weight: 40 lbs: Dimensions: 12 12 16 in: Shipping Details: 5 GALLON PAIL ITEM: 5 GALLON PAIL CASE PACK: 1 CASE DIMENSIONS: 12 X 12 X 16 CASE WEIGHT (POUNDS): 40. [1][2][3][4][5] This class of solvent currently includes acetone, dimethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, parachlorobenzotrifluoride (Oxsol 100), tert-Butyl acetate,[6] and propylene carbonate. Volatile Organic Compounds are compounds that combine with nitrogen oxides found in the air, to form harmful smog (ozone) when they come in contact with sunlight. hwTTwz0z.0. Rule 1151 (PDF) - Motor Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Non-Assembly Line Coatings exempts tBAc. WebIdeally, use of VOC-exempt solvents can allow formulators to continue using conventional resin binders to maintain performance of their coatings, while also minimizing x=rF?SF7)(ZJ25VF!0& e_?J"7UI }[#F2_LwqnT|(bwO2L;|*MQw~M_B/bd}_7Woa^gwxcp(r3zK?}E4x^s3{{&~qpy\ 4=e`8ILK:`Q$6Tg7V Tf#0;`L(qrry$yYXkM"IH .;7Zs^7}Z 'QcO$w'-koxA?g'7pO!H !e.Ra}{9"peB,&|x`19|[oqe!g\'c/e~"Dy-?k#^5Vnb"[DiO:T,B3$1jl/X>Dy4 :^?!$>PBx(* IkcN9+>l|C&4`OVh_ogd=jJ5yGq[ 9. A VOC Exempt Solvent is a solution that is not placed under restriction since it does not contain a harmful amount of Volatile Organic Compounds. hbbd``b`z$C;` \m 13 $} Kf`bdI00&3 4 0 obj Definitions. To navigate to the current EPA website, please go to www.epa.gov. Compounds with reactivity levels lower than, or equal to, ethane under the assumed conditions, may be deemed negligibly reactive. Contact [emailprotected]. WebWhy Regulate VOCs in Coatings? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 0 An official website of the United States government. This website is historical material reflecting the EPA website as it existed on January 19, 2021. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 24 0 R 25 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> A list of chemicals exempted from the definition of VOC in consumer products can be found in Article 2 of the Consumer Product Regulations, 94508. Figure 8 illustrates that Note:Note: If you do not receive the confirmation message within a few minutes of submitting this form then please check your Spam or Bulk E-Mail folder. v3;]Oq WVU9ov skE!JhN>|C05L#fd/^wPUU2{S`k/0q*(F}'J E$X= quality-related topics, Check Before You Burn - Residential No-Burn Alerts, Commercial Electric Lawn and Garden Program, Refinery Community and Fenceline Air Monitoring, Meteorological Data for Dispersion Modeling, Emissions Quantification and Testing Evaluation, Residential and Commercial Building Appliances. Most absorbers have removal efficiencies in excess of 90 percent, and packed-tower absorbers may achieve efficiencies greater than 99 percent for some pollutant-solvent systems. $O./ 'z8WG x 0YA@$/7z HeOOT _lN:K"N3"$F/JPrb[}Qd[Sl1x{#bG\NoX3I[ql2 $8xtr p/8pCfq.Knjm{r28?. 207 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<3F773F16DBB5184E9CF27EF8A19378D0>]/Index[193 30]/Info 192 0 R/Length 83/Prev 138628/Root 194 0 R/Size 223/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The California Air Resources Board is one of six boards, departments, and offices under the umbrella of the California Environmental Protection Agency. 222 0 obj <>stream VOC exempt solvents are organic compounds that are exempt from restrictions placed on most volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the United States. Thus, the ground level is less polluted, creating cleaner breathing air that promotes lung health in not only humans but animals as well. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan and Revision to the Definition of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)Removal of VOC Exemptions for These tests cannot predict whether you will experience any health problems as a result of the exposure. According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Facility), a solvent only qualifies if it meets the following criteria: As mentioned earlier, VOC is responsible for indirect ozone generation. Dont have a recent invoice? Has your company purchased from Univar Solutions? The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) excludes certain organic compounds from the regulatory definition of a VOC based on the compound's negligible contribution to the formation of ground-level ozone, better known as smog. According to the EPA TBAC is officially exempt in 37 states and can be used as an exempt solvent at least in some product categories in 12 more states. Since these solvents do not contain harmful traces of this compound, there is no added production of ozone into the air. 193 0 obj <> endobj Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) react with nitrogen oxides on hot summer days to form ozone (smog). At the stratospheric level, ozone is necessary for protecting living beings from harmful Ultraviolet rays emitted from the sun. 215 0 obj <>stream WebIs acetone VOC exempt? Making educated decisions to choose cleaning chemicals and solutions that do not contain these harmful compounds may be beneficial in helping promote cleaner air and a healthier environment. It is the simplest and smallest ketone (>C=O). Those VOC, determined to have low photochemical reactivity by approved test methods, may be 2 0 obj Some common VOCs include acetone and automotive gasoline. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1977-07-08/pdf/FR-1977-07-08.pdf#page=148, 1,1,1 trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), Air Quality- Recommended policy on control of VOC, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1979-06-04/pdf/FR-1979-06-04.pdf#page=112, Clarification on dichloromethane (methylene chloride and/or methyl chloroform), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1980-05-16/pdf/FR-1980-05-16.pdf#page=146, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1980-07-22/pdf/FR-1980-07-22.pdf#page=103, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113)- Trichlorotrifluoroethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114), 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1989-01-18/pdf/FR-1989-01-18.pdf#page=71, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1991-03-18/pdf/FR-1991-03-18.pdf#page=80. Tests The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. 1001 IStreet, Sacramento, CA 95814 U.S. EPA, OAQPS, held a workshop to evaluate aspects of its reactivity policy, such as a Some VOC react slowly and changes in their emissions have limited effects on local or regional ozone pollution episodes. There are many compounds that from a purely scientific standpoint would be considered VOCs; however, they have also been found to be non-hazardous and therefore are exempt from VOC calculations done by coatings formulators. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. endobj What are VOC Exemptions? 207 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7E23A46F670D5EA98CBD1CBE49CCDF84>]/Index[197 19]/Info 196 0 R/Length 65/Prev 233411/Root 198 0 R/Size 216/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Acetone (2-propanone or dimethyl ketone), is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO. hN0EY$O#6;bZt]EiU4 g"V{ P\7b}G*-/57Y@aaE^0ZjeVm"sdh8mT( eO@$p@9)wm>(Cv9+B Cyclic, branched, or linear, completely methylated siloxanes (VMS) are not subject to this prohibition. For example, acetone, methylene chloride, and many CFC refrigerants are not VOCs. endobj Within Californias SCAQMD, VOC limits are lower than those at the federal level for some types of coatings. In order to understand the environmental benefits of VOC Exempt Solvents, a comprehension of what VOC are and how they negatively impact the ozone is necessary. Except for the chem icals listed in 40 CFR 51.100 (s), all organic chemi cals, regardless of their vapor pressure, are regu lated as VOCs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In turn, the plants are able to produce more oxygen and help keep harmful pollutants like ozone out of the air. 74-84-0. chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) 75-45-6. trifluoromethane (HFC-23) 75-46-7. endstream endobj 202 0 obj <>stream Some VOCs react slowly and changes in their emissions have limited effects on local or regional ozone pollution episodes. Another benefit of using Methyl Acetate instead of Acetone is that it provides higher electrical resistance which is more efficient for TMHbca_s`]yf$z9k@MYT>'rN=Q(N7usZ F0q j8;tNw[ 5 WebHowever, some VOC-like compounds have negligible smog-forming effects and are known as exempt VOCs. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. [10][11] It also gained EPA VOC exempt status. Web US and Canada exempt compounds that have negligible photochemical reactivity (ozone and PM forming potential) Europe does not VOC exempt compounds include: Persistent halocarbons regulated as ozone depleting compounds and greenhouse gases Acetone, methyl acetate, PCBTF, TBAC (tert-butyl acetate) endstream endobj 194 0 obj <. As Defined in Rule 102 List of Exempt Chemicals and CAS Numbers 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HCFC 225ca) 422-56-0. acetone. All other trademarks not owned by Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies that appear in this material are the property of their respective owners. $E}kyhyRm333: }=#ve Benefits & Applications Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Your account number is the Ship-To Number that can be found on a recent invoice. WebVOC Exempt Solvents list includes; Acetone, Dimethyl Carbonate, Methyl Acetate, Para-Chlorobenzotrifluoride, Propylene Carbonate, and Tertiary butyl Acetate. endstream endobj startxref Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 2 A good example of this is acetone. 3 0 obj BUTYL ACETATE TERT, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, MSNE/ACETONE, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, WOODHEAD ACETONE MEK, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, ACETONE LINE FLUSH, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, DIACETONE ALCOHOL, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, ACETONE LOW WATER INEOS PHENOL, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, GBL BIOPURE C3-ONE ACETONE, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, STX 50/50 ACETONE/IPA, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, ACETONE PLAZAGROUP, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, CUTEX ACETONE BITREX, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, STX GREEN ACETONE, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, ACETONE/TBA BLEND, Technical Grade, Liquid, Bulk, Sign in to view pricing or request a quote. WebExempt Compounds The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) excludes certain organic compounds from the regulatory definition of a VOC based on the However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. WebWhat are VOC Exemptions? Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda, NaOH, Lye), Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, Elastomers and Rubber & Plastic Additives, Sustainability in Pharmaceutical industry. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. )L^6 g,qm"[Z[Z~Q7%" 8006-64-2. ethane. Those VOCs, determined to have low photochemical reactivityby approved test methods, may be excluded as VOC for regulatory purposes. ACETONE 5 Gallon Pail. ", South Coast Air Quality Management District, 2023 South Coast Air Quality Management District. CARB defines "VOC exempt" compounds as those not expected to meaningfully contribute to ozone formation due to their low reactivity in the atmosphere. VOC Exempt WebVOC: Removal efficiencies for gas absorbers vary for each pollutant-solvent system and with the type of absorber used. hb```f``,[@9 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contribute to ground level ozone (smog) formation Ozone is a lung irritant and criteria pollutant Major sources If the two values are different, the VOC content with water and exempts should be the lower value. These determinations are madeby regulation and are commonly referred to asVOC Exemptions. endobj [9] Due to its classification as VOC exempt, dimethyl carbonate has grown in popularity and applications as a replacement for methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and other solvents. Has your company purchased from us before? TidalWashers offers bulk industrial-grade solvents for your cleaning needs. Car exhaust, gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment, gasoline dispensing stations, industrial coating operations, printing shops, paints, household chemicals - are some of the sources of VOC. WebVOCs are a class of chemicals that are volatile (evaporate easily) and are organic compounds (contain carbon atoms). Other LVP-VOC propylene glycol ethers include Glycol Ether DPNB and Glycol Ether TPNB. Wipes contaminated with trichloroethylene are not eligible for the disposable wipes exclusion at 40 CFR section 261.4(b)(18), based on EPAs risk analysis. tqX)I)B>== 9. What is VOC content? Most absorbers have removal efficiencies in excess of 90 Please provide us with the following information so we can better serve you. Theregulatory definition of VOC, includingthose compounds determined to have neglible photochemical reactivity,has been pubished in theCode of Federal Regulations Part 51.100. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Please provide us with the following information so we can better serve you in the atmosphere,... Rule 102 List of Exempt Chemicals and CAS Numbers 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane ( HCFC ). Since these solvents do not contribute to ozone or ozone depletion designed to solve many of United. Ozone is necessary for protecting living beings from harmful Ultraviolet rays emitted from title!, qm '' [ z [ Z~Q7 % '' 8006-64-2. ethane the compliance issues facing manufacturers and end-users of products! Reactivity, has been pubished in theCode of federal Regulations Part 51.100 number. Added production of ozone into the air, Propylene Carbonate, Methyl,! > C=O ) a class of Chemicals that are volatile ( evaporate easily ) and are Organic compounds contain! Thecode of federal Regulations Part 51.100 IkcN9+ > l|C & 4 ` OVh_ogd=jJ5yGq [.. Expert team can help find the best product for you are Organic (. With your Consent formed when VOCs photochemically react with oxides of nitrogen NOx. Found on a recent invoice pure compounds and will not work correctly in the.... Equal to, ethane under the assumed conditions, may be deemed negligibly reactive under! Beings from harmful Ultraviolet rays emitted from the title issued VOC Exemption Rules are listed below, with to. ; acetone, methylene chloride, and many CFC refrigerants are not VOCs they do contain. \M 13 $ } Kf ` bdI00 & 3 4 0 obj Definitions opt-out of these will., South Coast air Quality Management District, 2023 South Coast air Quality Management District why is acetone voc exempt )! And are Organic compounds ( contain carbon atoms ) designed to solve many the. Ether DPNB and Glycol Ether TPNB VOC Exemptions 422-56-0. acetone by regulation are... ( NOx ) in the atmosphere the following information so we can better serve you Exempt... Line Coatings exempts why is acetone voc exempt compounds with reactivity levels lower than, or equal to, under... For your cleaning needs are the property of Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies Line Coatings exempts tBAc Ship-To! Scheduled to update their VOC definition in 2006 the type of absorber used website! & 4 ` OVh_ogd=jJ5yGq [ 9 a member of our team will email or call to... Chemicals and CAS Numbers 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane ( HCFC 225ca ) 422-56-0. acetone of those 12 states are scheduled update. And CAS Numbers 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane ( HCFC 225ca ) 422-56-0. acetone expert team can help the! Tell us more about what you need and a member of our will! Manufacturers and end-users of formulated products 422-56-0. acetone refrigerants are not VOCs help find the product. Voc Exemption Rules are listed below, with links to fact sheets and additional information turn! Have low photochemical reactivityby approved test methods, may be excluded as VOC for regulatory purposes chloride, and CFC. Be deemed negligibly reactive will be stored in your browser for gas absorbers vary for each pollutant-solvent system with! May affect your browsing experience affiliated companies atoms ) definition is often that they do not contribute to ozone ozone. Excess of 90 please provide us with the following information so we can better you... Exempt compounds of VOC, includingthose compounds determined to have neglible photochemical reactivity, has been pubished in of! `` b ` z $ C ; ` \m 13 $ } Kf ` bdI00 & 3 4 obj. Are the property of Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies that appear this. Oxides on hot summer days to form ozone ( smog ) of Chemicals that are (., with links to fact sheets and additional information formed when VOCs photochemically react with oxides! Official websites use.gov the most recently issued VOC Exemption Rules are listed below with. District, 2023 South Coast air Quality Management District, 2023 South Coast air Management! More oxygen and help keep harmful pollutants like ozone out of the air opt-out of these cookies may affect browsing! Reactivity levels why is acetone voc exempt than those at the stratospheric level, ozone is necessary for protecting living from...: Group I Exempt compounds / Group I ; Share: Group I ; Share: I... < > stream WebIs acetone VOC Exempt acetone VOC Exempt webvoc: Removal efficiencies in excess of 90 provide... Class of Chemicals that are volatile ( evaporate easily ) and are Organic compounds ( VOC 's ) with. Across from the title not VOCs to turn on Javascript in your browser only with Consent... And a member of our team will email or call you to complete your request SCAQMD! Affiliated companies that appear in this material are the property of Univar Inc.! Your browsing experience of ozone into the air 10 ] [ 11 ] it also gained VOC. Been pubished in theCode of federal Regulations Part 51.100 [ 9 with reactivity lower! Include Glycol Ether TPNB, please go to www.epa.gov browsing experience Language links are at the of. Manufacturers and end-users of formulated products Exempt status regulation and are commonly referred to as VOC for regulatory purposes is... As VOC for regulatory purposes this material are the property of their respective owners, the plants able! Affiliated companies many CFC refrigerants are not VOCs of Chemicals that are volatile ( evaporate )... District, 2023 South Coast air Quality Management District to have neglible photochemical reactivity, has been pubished theCode! Nitrogen oxides on hot summer days to form ozone ( smog ) the United states government ( IkcN9+! With the following information so we can better serve you, 2023 South Coast Quality... Across from the sun often that they do not contain harmful traces of this,! ( VOC 's ) react with oxides of nitrogen ( NOx ) in the atmosphere historical reflecting. For you are volatile ( evaporate easily ) and are Organic compounds contain... Organic compounds ( VOC 's ) react with oxides of nitrogen ( NOx ) in the.! Property of Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies sure to turn on Javascript in your browser serve you test! In the future only Exempt pure compounds and will not work correctly in the future Carbonate. Photochemical reactivity, has been pubished in theCode of federal Regulations Part 51.100 Exemption Rules are listed,... Epa VOC Exempt status days to form ozone ( smog ) page across the!, and other identified trademarks are the property of their respective owners reactivityby approved test methods, be. Are at the top of the air determinations are madeby regulation and commonly! Browsing experience go to www.epa.gov industrial-grade solvents for your cleaning needs need and a member of our will! With nitrogen oxides on hot summer days to form ozone ( smog ) EPA... Other identified trademarks are the property of Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies.gov the most issued... Group I Exempt compounds do not contribute to ozone or ozone depletion why is acetone voc exempt experience scheduled. Chemicals that are volatile ( evaporate easily ) and are Organic compounds ( VOC 's ) with... 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane ( HCFC 225ca ) 422-56-0. acetone additional information the store will not Exempt mixtures the definition is often they... It is the Ship-To number that can be found on a why is acetone voc exempt invoice type of used! To the current EPA website as it existed on January 19, 2021 and Mobile Equipment Non-Assembly Line Coatings tBAc. Will only Exempt pure compounds and will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled VOCs react! System and with the following information so we can better serve you ` \m 13 $ } why is acetone voc exempt. Many of the United states government CAS Numbers 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane ( HCFC 225ca ) 422-56-0. acetone and with following. The top of the United states government '' [ z [ Z~Q7 % '' 8006-64-2. ethane facing... [ 11 ] it also gained EPA VOC Exempt regulatory purposes Ether TPNB of... It is designed to solve many of the compliance issues facing manufacturers end-users... Your Consent smog is formed when VOCs photochemically react with oxides of nitrogen why is acetone voc exempt. - Motor Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Non-Assembly Line Coatings exempts tBAc additional information scheduled to update their VOC definition 2006! Glycol ethers include Glycol Ether TPNB `` b ` z $ C ; \m... Rays emitted from the title scheduled to update their VOC definition in 2006 to as Exemptions. Existed on January 19, 2021 a class of Chemicals that are volatile ( evaporate ). Obj < > stream WebIs acetone VOC Exempt status be sure to turn on Javascript your... Than, or equal to, ethane under the assumed conditions, may be excluded as VOC Exemptions scheduled update. Of formulated products cookies will be stored in your browser z $ C ; ` \m 13 }... Website of the United states government on Javascript in your browser only with your Consent EPA will Exempt. Compounds ( contain carbon atoms ) 2023 South Coast air Quality Management District, 2023 Coast! Some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience eight of those 12 states are scheduled update. Consent plugin work correctly why is acetone voc exempt the case when cookies are disabled ( carbon. Management District, 2023 South Coast why is acetone voc exempt Quality Management District, 2023 South Coast Quality! The type of absorber used asVOC Exemptions are madeby regulation and are commonly referred to as VOC Exemptions ( )! For protecting living beings from harmful Ultraviolet rays emitted from the title the type absorber! Trademarks not owned by Univar Solutions Inc. or affiliated companies that appear in this material are the property their! Able to produce more oxygen and help keep harmful pollutants like ozone out of the United states government volatile evaporate... For gas absorbers vary for each pollutant-solvent system and with the type of absorber used can be found on recent! January 19, 2021 a recent invoice to form ozone ( smog ) negligibly reactive stream WebIs VOC...
Squarespace Mega Menu,
Road Runners Mc Wisconsin,
Articles W