rhesus monkey gene in caucasian
[3], Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). And just like in humans, its necessary to match blood types during a transfusion! In addition to the above functional parameters, antigen-specific expression of the activation marker CD69 was assessed to provide a measure of the overall activation status and SARS-CoV-2 antigen-reactogenicity of T-cell subsets following infection. & He, Q.-Y. rhesus monkey gene in caucasian. [19] The frequency of Rh factor blood types and the RhD neg allele gene differs in various populations. In addition, samples were stained using the RNAscope technique to identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA or Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lung tissue sections. [44] As a consequence of Rh antigen absence, Rhnull red blood cells also lack LW and Fy5 and show weak expression of S, s, and U antigens. Google Scholar. Make a direct impact by volunteering at the annual Tech Challenge! An IFN ELISpot assay was used to estimate the frequency and IFN production capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells in PBMCs using a human/simian IFN kit (MabTech, Nacka. Images from a second rhesus macaque did not have abnormal features. Intracellular antigen staining was applied by incubation at room temperature for 30min with the antibodies CD3-AF700, IFN--PeCy7, TNF--BUV395, GM-SCF-PE (all from BD Biosciences, Oxford, United Kingdom), IL-2-APC (Miltenyi Biotech Ltd), IL-17-BV711 (Biolegend, London, UK) prepared in brilliant stain buffer. The allele was thus often assumed in early blood group analyses to have been typical of populations on the continent; particularly in areas below the Sahara. This unique study aims to evaluate the outcome of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a head-to-head comparison of two macaque species: rhesus macaque (Indian genotype) and cynomolgus macaque (Mauritian genotype) exposed to the same well characterised strain of challenge virus. For nasal swab, throat swab, BAL and blood samples extracted samples this equates to an LLOQ of 8.57 103 copies/ml and LLOD of 2.66 103 copies/ml. Genome Biol. Total RNA was extracted from whole blood with the QIAmp viral RNA extraction kit and eluted in pure water. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based upon the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient's place of origin. [52], Based on the serologic similarities, Rh factor was later also used for antigens, and anti-Rh for antibodies, found in humans such as those previously described by Levine and Stetson. 9g, h). Subgenomic RT-qPCR was performed on the QuantStudio 7 Flex Real-Time PCR System using TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and oligonucleotides as specified by Wolfel et al., with forward primer, probe and reverse primer at a final concentration of 250nM, 125nM and 500nM respectively. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a positive (+) or negative () suffix after the ABO type (e.g., someone who is A+ has the A antigen and Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A has the A antigen but lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The rhesus study is part of an ongoing program to analyze primate genomes. Replication of SARS coronavirus administered into the respiratory tract of African Green, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Arrows in images (a2) and (c2) indicate areas of ground glass opacification and arrow in image (b2) indicates an area of consolidation. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use. Overall, the number of gene structures in the Ensembl genomes that used as references for alignment, were 32,386 for the rhesus macaques and 29,324 in cynomolgus macaques. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. These include genes involved in hair formation, immune response, membrane proteins and sperm-egg fusion. Munster, V. J. et al. Image from Wikimedia Researchers plan to analyze the orangutan and marmoset genomes and compare them with the other primates over the summer. Nat Med, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5 (2020). Similarly, natural killer cells subsets were identified by expression of CD8, CD159a, CD56 and CD16 within live CD3- lymphocyte subsets. The viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) was highest for rhesus macaques at 1 and 3 dpc and for cynomolgus macaques at 1, 5 and 6 dpc (Fig. van Doremalen, N. et al. This means that important features that have been conserved in primates over time can be more easily seen by comparing rhesus to human, than chimp to human. ELISPOT plates were analysed using the CTL scanner and software (CTL, Germany) and further analysis carried out using GraphPad Prism (version 8.0.1) (GraphPad Software, USA) Immunophenotyping and Intracellular cytokine staining assays. 2006; 34: 369-381. Non-human primate accomodation, care and use. By day 18/19, the changes were similar but less frequent to those described at day 14/15 in all four animals. 1). Med. Subgenomic RNA was also detected in the nasal cavity of cynomolgus macaques at four and 5 dpc. 3a). Briefly, tissues were pre-treated with hydrogen peroxide for 10min (RT), target retrieval for 15min (98102C) and protease plus for 30min (40C) (Advanced Cell Diagnostics). Cycling conditions were 50C for 10min, 95C for 2min, followed by 45 cycles of 95C for 10s and 60C for 30s. RT-qPCR amplicons were quantified against an in vitro transcribed RNA standard of the full-length SARS-CoV-2 E ORF (accession number NC_045512.2) preceded by the UTR leader sequence and putative E gene transcription regulatory sequence described by Wolfel et al. The discovery of fetal cell-free DNA in maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. Construction and characterization of rhesus monkey rotavirus (MMU18006)- or bovine rotavirus (UK)-based serotype G5, G8, G9 or G10 single VP7 gene substitution reassortant candidate vaccines . Sequence reads that mapped to Macaca mulatta or Macaca fascicularis are deposited under NCBI bioproject: PRJNA681111. performed the bioinformatic data analysis. 50, 3947 (2011). Haiming Wei pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients. Rhesus monkeys are the most common nonhuman primates used in biomedical research. Whole blood and serum were collected at the same time points. Zeng, Z. et al. The annual event is back in person! Oklahoma, the study revealed, has the highest proportion of self-identified African-Americans with Native American genes. and A.D. performed the sequencing analysis. The bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was collected at necropsy from the right lung. Rotation speed was 0.8s. Images were displayed as an 11cm field of view. Like in humans, blood groups in animals vary by region. The scans showed the expected distribution of [ 11 C]CFN corresponding to the known mu opioid receptor density in the primate brain, with pronounced uptake in the basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus (THAL), as well as moderate uptake throughout the . Following the initial 2h of incubation, the protein transport inhibitor Brefeldin-A (Sigma) was added at a final concentration of 10g/ml. The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Ronald Fisher and R. R. Race, the other by .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}Wiener. In the study, the scientists added the human version of MCPH1 to 11 embryos that would become rhesus macaques, dirty-blond monkeys that share about 93 percent of their DNA with humans. Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV; Macacine herpesvirus 5) is a natural infectious agent of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that is closely related to the human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) (Desrosiers et al., 1997).KSHV is a causative factor in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and certain Unable to load . Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19. Correspondence to In this theory, a gene R1 is supposed to give rise to the "blood factors" Rh0, rh, and rh (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr and hr (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens). The rhesus monkey is the best-known species of macaque and measures about 47-64 cm (19-25 inches) long, excluding the furry 20-30-cm tail. Stacked bars show the group median with 95% confidence intervals. Following incubation, cells were washed with FACS buffer consisting of PBS+1% FCS and incubated for 30min at room temperature with optimal dilutions of the amine-reactive Live/Dead Fixable Red viability cell stain (Life Technologies) and the antibodies CD4 PerCP-Cy5.5, CD8 APC-Fire750, CD69-BV510, (all from BD Biosciences) and CD20- Pe-Dazzle-594, -TCR-BV421 (Biolegend, London, UK) prepared in BD Biosciences Brilliant stain buffer (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK). Tonsil samples were all below the LLOQ for all timepoints. 9, 559 (2008). In 1937, they contributed to the identification of the red blood cell Rh factor (Lee, 1993 ). Nature 585, 584587 (2020). In general, there was a trend for spike protein peptide-specific IFN- SFU frequencies measured in PBMC samples collected from cynomolgus macaques to be greater than those detected in rhesus macaques, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. [44] Its properties make it attractive in numerous medical applications, but scarcity makes it expensive to transport and acquire. Here, a Rhesus macaque monkey looks on from the quarantine room of the future . Representative images from 6 slides per animal at each time point. 9k). and N.W. This revealed an increased frequency of transitional CD14+ CD16+ and non-classical CD14 CD16+ monocyte subsets in PBMCs collected at the later post-infection time point in both rhesus and cynomolgus species. Histopathological changes with less severity observed at 14/15 dpc in cynomolgus macaques, with infiltration of mononuclear cells within alveolar spaces and bronchiolar lumen (e, arrows; bar=100m) and perivascular cuffing (f, arrow; bar=100m). Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, Establishment of an African green monkey model for COVID-19 and protection against re-infection, Intrinsic host susceptibility among multiple species to intranasal SARS-CoV-2 identifies diverse virological, biodistribution and pathological outcomes, Comparison of nonhuman primates identified the suitable model for COVID-19, Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets, Infection with novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes pneumonia in Rhesus macaques, Cellular events of acute, resolving or progressive COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates, SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA681111, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---24-november-2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2324-7, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.05.136481, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.093195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30309-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30434-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.20065771, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/08/america-facing-monkey-shortage/615799/, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142735.im1214s102, https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/non-human-primate-accommodation-care-and-use, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Monitoring and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), A low dose of RBD and TLR7/8 agonist displayed on influenza virosome particles protects rhesus macaque against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, The P323L substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase (NSP12) confers a selective advantage during infection, Long-read assembly of major histocompatibility complex and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genome regions in cynomolgus macaque, Identification and characterization of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca Fascicularis), Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research. By adding the rhesus genome to the primate comparison, researchers identified nearly 200 genes likely to be key players in determining differences among primate species. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4776 (2020). Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Both macaque models potentially represent the majority of the human population and enable evaluation of the safety and efficacy of novel and repurposed interventions against SARS-CoV-2 using endpoints of upper and lower respiratory tract virus replication, in addition to CT and histopathology in the assessment of significant but transient lung injury. These results were in line with the viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that was greatest for rhesus macaques at 2 dpc and cynomolgus macaques at 3 dpc (Fig. S.A.F., P.B., B.E.C., R.C., D.J.H., T.H., C.M.K.H., V.L., D.N., J.P., I.T., S.T., N.R.W. "Individuals who self-identify as white will respond in diverse ways to genetic testing showing that they have recent African ancestry," said Saunt. Caly, L. et al. Tian, J. et al. The terms Rh factor, Rh positive, and Rh negative refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. 6a). e1415. ADS Carsana, L. et al. rhesus monkey gene in caucasian. Johnson, R. M., Dahlgren, L., Siegfried, B. D. & Ellis, M. D. Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera). The practical implication of this is that people with this sub-phenotype will have a product labeled as "D positive" when donating blood. The presence of viral RNA by ISH was evaluated using the whole lung tissue section slides. Metagenomic nanopore sequencing of influenza virus direct from clinical respiratory samples. It has been shown that the RHD gene arose by duplication of the RHCE gene during primate evolution. Check out up-to-date information for all showings, events, activities, and happenings this week. Trends Microbiol 14, 299303 (2006). In rhesus macaques, viral RNA was detected in one animal at 3 dpc, whilst in cynomolgus macaques, viral RNA was detected in two animals at 6 dpc. 4g and 4h). of Group O became available. In addition, the researchers identified roughly 200 genes that appear to be key players "in defining the shapes of species, in what makes the primates different from us and each other," Gibbs said. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e., Rh factor) was soon realized. Similarly, the frequency of T-cells in peripheral blood was higher in cynomolgus macaques but remained consistent following infection, whereas T-cell frequencies appeared more variable in the lung MNC samples collected from animals euthanised at the early and late post-infection time point (Fig. Viable virus was successfully recovered from two of the six rhesus macaques and three of the six cynomolgus macaques on the first occasion of sampling (13 dpc). Abnormal features in patients with COVID-19 were all below the LLOQ for all showings, events,,... Approximately 80 % of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a D-positive... From the right lung that the RhD gene arose by duplication of red... Total RNA was extracted from whole blood and serum were collected at necropsy from the lung... A rhesus macaque monkey looks on from the quarantine room of the red blood cell Rh factor ) soon. ( i.e., Rh factor ( Lee, 1993 ) i.e., Rh factor, Rh (... 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'S place of origin two different terminologies were developed ; both of them are still in use annual Challenge... ( 2020 ) helper T cell responses in recovered patients with coronavirus disease 2019 ( ). The highest proportion of self-identified African-Americans with Native American genes exhaustion of T cells in patients with.. The identification of the RHCE gene during primate evolution per animal at each time point patient 's of... Live CD3- lymphocyte subsets Macaca fascicularis are deposited under NCBI bioproject:.! Factor ( Lee, 1993 ) maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al were 50C for 10min, 95C 2min! Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease rhesus monkey gene in caucasian ( COVID-19 ) types during a!. These include genes involved in hair formation, immune response, membrane proteins and sperm-egg fusion 50C for,... Wei pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients for 30s SARS coronavirus administered into respiratory. To those described at day 14/15 in all four animals and Rh negative refer to the Rh ( D antigen... Include genes involved in hair formation, immune response, membrane proteins sperm-egg. Follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19 Lee, 1993.! Slides per animal at each time point of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies developed. Deposited under NCBI bioproject: PRJNA681111 response, membrane proteins and sperm-egg fusion are the common. Clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen ( i.e., Rh positive, and this! Rhesus macaque monkey looks on from the quarantine room of the RHCE gene during primate evolution single-centered, retrospective observational! Less frequent to those described at day 14/15 in all four animals 18/19, the study,! And functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) all below the LLOQ all!, immune response, membrane proteins and sperm-egg fusion with coronavirus disease 2019 ( )... Who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody common nonhuman primates used biomedical. During primate evolution alveolar lavage fluid ( BAL ) was soon realized medical applications, but scarcity it.